Exercise for CVD Flashcards
What are different CVDs?
Disorders of the heart and blood vessels: coronary heart disease; cerebrovascular disease; peripheral arterial disease; stroke
How much of the world suffers from CVD?
30%; is #1 cause of death globally
How much was spent on CVD in the NHS in year 2012-13?
> £6.8bn
What are risk factors of CVD?
Diet; smoking; PIA; age; sex; diabetes; genes; related pathologies
What are pathologies of CVD?
Atherosclerosis; blood lipid profile; oxidative stress
What is atherosclerosis?
Characterised by the narrowing of the arteries of the heart; uptake of cholesterol by monocytes forms foam cells an atheroscelerotic plaques
How does the blood lipid profile contribute to CVD?
Abnormal blood lipids is an early component in development of atherscelerosis; VLDL and LDL transport cholesterol from liver to tissues; excess TG and defects in metabolism can lead to higher VLDL and LDL loading, increasing risk of oxidation and incidence of small dense LDL; HDL transports cholesterol from tissues to lover for recycling, reducing circulation cholesterol levels
What is oxidative stress?
Imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, deviating the normal physiology
How do ROS affect amino acids?
Have unpaired outer shell electrons, meaning they are very reactive; cysteine is very susceptible to ROS interactions
Where are ROS formed?
Largely in mitochondria, as are by-products of the ETC
What are ROS involved in?
Cellular signalling for growth and adaptations; CVD
How do ROS contribute to CVD?
ROS oxidises LDL, forming plaques; ROS removed key dilation agents, preventing blood vessels from dilate sufficiently; thus ROS structurally and functionally alter blood vessels, increasing CVD risk
What are excess production of ROS and reduced antioxidants attributed to?
Age and organism death, despite lifestyle modifications
Where can antioxidants be sourced from?
Vitamins C, E, A, green tea, Zn, and Mn
Are antioxidant supplements necessary?
Most healthy individuals receiving their 5 a day do not need supplementation; older individuals may benefit however
How do antioxidants help?
Oppose actions of ROS; vitamin E reduces LDL oxidisation by directly interacting with ROS
How does exercise aid lipid profiles?
Exercise training reduces resting and postprandial TG, and postprandial lipemia; increases resting and 24hr fat oxidation; improves insulin sensitivity; local contractile activity increases LPL mRNA, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, decreasing TG-rich particles in circulation and improving insulin sensitivity
What are PA recommendations for CVD patients?
Exercise frequency and CV fitness are more important than intensity, energy consumption and weight loss; resistance and aerobic training are both beneficial
What is the Framingham Scoring?
Risk factor predictor of CHD/CVD in 10 years, based on: age; total cholesterol; smoking; HDL; blood pressure
Why might Framingham Scoring no longer be seen as accurate?
On third generation of participants, but seems to overestimate risk, particularly in lower risk groups
What is the Joint British Societies Risk?
Takes into account: sex; age; smoking; blood pressure; total:HDL cholesterol. Gives a more accurate representation of CVD risk
