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Biochemistry Year 1 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are three hexose sugars?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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2
Q

What are two pentose sugars?

A

Ribose, deoxyribose

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3
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

3-10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

> 10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

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5
Q

What is the main polysaccharide in animals?

A

Glycogen

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6
Q

What are features of glycogen?

A

alpha-1-4, 1-6 glycosidic bonds; very dense; virtually insoluble as is hydrophobic so has very little water retention

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7
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Muscle and liver

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8
Q

How much glycogen is stored in the muscles and liver?

A

Liver contains ~100g; muscle contains 300-500g depending on diet and training

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9
Q

When is muscle glycogen used?

A

During period of high intensity (70% VO2max) exercise of moderate duration

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10
Q

How long can muscle glycogen be used for?

A

60 minutes until it is depleted

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11
Q

When is liver glycogen broken down?

A

When glucagon causes release to increase glucose levels; especially important for brain as glucose can cross blood-brain barrier, whilst larger carbs cannot

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12
Q

What is the main polysaccharide in plants?

A

Starch

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13
Q

What are simple carbs?

A

Mono- and di-saccharides; sugars

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14
Q

What are complex carbs?

A

Oligo- and poly-saccharides; starches

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15
Q

What are the functions of carbs?

A

Energy store; fuels; sugars give backbone to RNA and DNA; structural elements in cell walls; linked to proteins and lipids; involved in key reactions

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16
Q

What might the daily carbs of elite athletes be like?

A

486g; based on 3 hours exercise (@2g/min = 360g) and 21 hours rest (@0.1g/min = 126g)

17
Q

What are the main dietary carbs?

A

Starch; glycogen; dextrins (short chain polymers); maltose; sucrose; lactose; glucose; fructose

18
Q

What allows glucose into cells?

A

Class 1 glucose transporters: GLUT 1, 2, 3, 4

19
Q

Where does GLUT 1 act?

A

Foetal tissue and RBCs

20
Q

Where does GLUT 2 act?

A

Liver

21
Q

Where does GLUT 3 act?

A

Brains/ neurons

22
Q

Where does GLUT 4 act?

A

Muscle/ adipose tissue

23
Q

What are class 2 glucose transporters?

A

GLUT 5, 7, 9, 11

24
Q

What are class 4 glucose transporters?

A

GLUT 6, 8, 10, 12

25
Q

What is euglycaemia?

A

Normal blood glucose

26
Q

How does insulin regulate blood glucose?

A

Hyperglycaemia triggers insulin release; insulin binds to receptor on cell surface; sets off cascade of signalling events; translocates more GLUT 4 to membrane; more glucose into cell

27
Q

How does exercise act as a remedy in insulin-resistant people (T2DM)?

A

Exercise will localise GLUT 4 as uses different cell signalling to insulin; allows glucose to enter cell

Biochemistry Year 1 (23 decks)

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