Nutrition Flashcards
provide most abundant energy during metabolism
carbohydrates
yield 4 kilocalories/gram
carbohydrate
name all monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
blood sugar/dextrose, main fuel for brain and needed for RBCs, major carbohydrate found in bloodstream
glucose
levulose/fruit sugar, sweetest monosaccharide
fructose
component of milk sugar, body converts glucose to this in mammary tissue during lactation
galactose
double sugars, made of two monosaccharides, made of one glucose molecule
disaccharides
name all disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
glucose+fructose, furnishes 1/3 of total COH intake in avg western diet
sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + galactose
lactose (milk sugar)
made of two glucose molecules, appears whenever starch is broken down*
maltose (plant sugar)
name all polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, fibers
plant storage form or glucose, most important carb nutritionally, stores energy, breaks down at slow rate, eat this to carb load
starch
provides 12-24 hours stored energy, animal equivalent of starch, *provides food storage system in animals/humans (glycogenesis), released in liver-regulates blood sugar for the brain, released in mm-serves as an energy source for mm contraction (running long distance), not significant as a food source
glycogen
functional fibers _____ digestion
decrease
nutritive sweeteners, carb-like, sugar like compounds that provide calories, don’t promote tooth decay, not readily absorbed in small intestine-can cause diarrhea
sugar alcohols
name sugar alcohols
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
don’t want to have more than 20g for diabetic of ____
sugar alcohols
nonnutritive sweeteners, nor carb, non caloric
artificial sweeteners
name all artificial sweeteners
saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame-k,
blue packet, headaches, dizziness, seizures, must carry PKU warning
aspartame
insulin dependent diabetes, cannot synthesize insulin
type 1
non insulin dependent, insufficient insulin or improper use, diabetes
type 2
abnormally high blood glucose concentration
hyperglycemia
fruity odor on breath (as a result of ketosis)
acetone breath
ketones in blood/urine
ketonemia/ketonuria
low blood glucose levels, less than 70 mg/dl
hypoglycemia
these are symptoms of what with diabetes- shakiness, dizziness, sweating, headaches, irritability, hunger, light headedness, palpitations
hypoglycemia
organic compounds made up of amino acids
proteins
proteins contain what elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)
this means same things as protein, need to get these from food sources
amino acids
if you eat meat, how many amino acids do you get
all of them
inborn error of metabolism, avoid aspartame
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
“evil spirit that infects the first child when 2nd child is born”, acute condition, delayed eruption, hypoplasia of teeth
Kwashiorkor
to waste away, chronic condition
marasmus
carry max #s of hydrogen atoms, remain solid at room temp, increase serum cholesterol levels (fat)
saturated fatty acids
contain a point of unsaturated linkage with no hydrogen atoms, viscous in form, maintain serum cholesterol levels (fat)
monounsaturated fatty acids
contain 2 or more points of unsaturation, liquid in consistency, decrease serum cholesterol levels (fat)
polyunsaturated fatty acids
must be obtained from diet, liolenic fatty acid
essentail (polyunsaturated) fatty acids
must abundant mineral in the body, forms and maintains bones and teeth, coagulates blood
calcium
what vitamin helps absorb calcium?
Vitamin D
