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VBMS 314 > nutrition > Flashcards

nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most important nutrient for dogs and cats

A

biological energy

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2
Q

what is biological energy

A

-defined as the capacity for doing work
-unlike other nutrients energy is not a specific chemical compound
-organic substrates are oxidized to co2 and h2o through out a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions producing ATP

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3
Q

units of biological energy

A

-Kcal=energy required to raise the temp of 1kg of water 1 degree
-usually talk about the energy density of a feed: kcal/kg
-SI system uses joules (Kcal=4.184kJ

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4
Q

what is a human Calorie

A

kcal; 1000 calories

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5
Q

we express energy in kcal/kg but animals require…

A

kcal/day

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6
Q

what substrates are used for energy

A

-carbohydrates:
starch
fiber
-lipids
-amino acids

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7
Q

amino acids, carbohydrates, etc can be measured in the lab but what about energy

A

-bomb calorimeter
-material is completely combusted, increase in water temp measured
-carefully controlled conditions

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8
Q

gross energy

A

-total energy
-the amount of heat released when a substance (feed) is released in a bomb calorimeter

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9
Q

fecal energy

A

-some feed energy not absorbed and is lost in feces due to incomplete digestion
-FE= energy contained in feces measured using a BC
-single largest loss of energy

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10
Q

digestible energy

A

-DE=GE-FE

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11
Q

metabolizable energy

A

-ME=GE-FE-UE-gaseous E

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12
Q

metabolizability

A

-metabolizability=ME/GE x100

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13
Q

what energy form do dog and cat nutritionists generally use for feed formulation, why is this important

A

-metabolizable energy
-important because: they eat a high protein diet so urinary N losses are relatively high, not taking them into account your estimate of energy would be inaccurate

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14
Q

the atwater system

A

-calculates available energy of foods using equations
-it uses average values of energy in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, providing a coefficient used to calculate available food energy
-fat=9000kcal/kg
-carbohydrate=4000kcal/kg
-crude protein=4000kcal/kg

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15
Q

example of the atwater system

A

-analyze 1 kg of a feed sample and determine it has
-0.2kg fat
-0.6kg of carbohydrates
-0.1kg protein

-energy calculation
-fat=9000kcal/kg x 0.02 =180 kcal
-carbohydrates=4000 kcal/kg x 0.6kg=2400kcal
-protein=4000 kcal/kg x 0.1=400kcal
-total energy=180+2400+400=2980 kcal/kg

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16
Q

min or max for:
crude protein
crude fat
crude fibre
moisture
crude ash

A

min
min
max
max
max
-if not getting min they arent getting the amount they need
-if max they arent getting much benifit

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17
Q

what does the term crude refer to

A

-the specific analytical procedures to estimate the nutrient content
-refers to the “proximate analysis”
-developed in germany over 100 ya

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18
Q

crude protein (min)

A

-determines N content and multiply by 6.25
-this assumes that the average protein contains 16% N (100/16=6.25)

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19
Q

crude fat (min)

A

-determined following extraction with ether extract
-some non-nutritive lipids are extracted, while others that provide energy are not

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20
Q

crude fiber (max)

A

-organic residue remaining after plant material has been extracted with dilute acid and alkali solutions
-underestimates the level of true dietary fibre

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21
Q

moisture (max)

A

-determined by loss of weight in a sample after drying at a specified time and temperature

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22
Q

crude ash

A

-estimate of mineral components
-residue after organic matter and moisture has been removed by heating

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23
Q

protein function

A

-major structural component of the body
-muscle, hair, skin, nails, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
-hormones, enzymes, blood proteins

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24
Q

protein in the body

A

-protein in the body is in constant state of flux
-the body requires aa to synthesise required proteins
-these come from the diet of “de novo”
-this means that dogs and cats actually have a requirement for amino acids not protein

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25
Q

essential and non essential amino acids

A

-essential or indispensable cannot be synthesized by the body at a sufficient rate to meet requirements
-it is essential that they be included in the diet
-non-essential or dispensable aa can be synthesized thus they can be provided either through the diet or synthesized

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26
Q

excess amino acids

A

-can be used for energy (or converted to glycogen or fat)

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27
Q

what if a cat or dog is energy deficent

A

AA will be oxidized for energy

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28
Q

GE and ME of AA

A

-GE= 5.65kcal/g
-ME= ~3.5kcal/g

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29
Q

availability of AA

A

-comparable to energy but not all proteins is equally available
-high-quality proteins are highly digestible and contain AA in proportions that are required
-other proteins may be low in digestibility (lost in feces, or the N is lost in urine), or the profile of AA doesnt match required
-ie hair and nails are slowly digested

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30
Q

example of tests used to evaluate protein quality

A

-essential amino acid index
-protein efficiency ratio
-biological value
-net protein unilization

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31
Q

essential AA index

A

AA in the test protein (%)/this AA in the amino acid in the reference protein=summed for all AA

32
Q

protein efficiency ratio

A

weight gained (g)/protein consumed

33
Q

biological value

A

diet N-(fecal N+urinary N)/food N-fecal N

34
Q

net protein utilization

A

BV x digestability

35
Q

carbohydrates

A

-major energy containing constituents of plants
-monosacarides (glucose, fructose)
-disaccarides (lactose)
-polysaccarides (starch and fiber-non starch polysac)

36
Q

fiber

A

-definition based on analytical method used
-subunits linked by beta bonds (cant be broken by cat and dog stomach enzymes)
-however the microbes in the large intestine can break down some fiber)
-this results in the formation of short-chain fatty acids
-limited energy but important for gut health
-important dilutent

37
Q

fats and the 3 kinds

A

-soluble in solvents, insoluble in water
-simple lipids (fatty acids and triglycerides)
-compound lipids (lipids plus another molecule)
-derived lipids (cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins etc)

38
Q

what are the most important dietary lipids

A

-TAGs
-glycerol back bone plus 3 fatty acids

39
Q

fat molecule configuration

A

-fatty acids are usually long and unsaturated, but butter and coconut oil are examples of lipids that contain medium and short chain fatty acids
-the double bonds are typically in the cis configuration
-trans bonds occur primarily as a result of food processing

40
Q

trans and saturated fats in dogs and cats

A

-research is limited but there is some evidence that trans and sturated FAs are less detrimental to cats and dogs then humans

41
Q

functions of fats

A

-dogs and cats dont require alot but small amount is very important
-supply energy (2.25 x the energy of CHO or proteins)
-aid in absorption of the fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
-supply essential fatty acids

42
Q

essential fatty acids

A

-important constituents of cell membranes
-synthesis of bioactive compounds, prostoglandings, leukotrienes, prostacyclins and thromboxanes
-important precursors of other long-chain unsaturted fatty acids and eventually other important hormone like molecules

43
Q

name, formula of the essential fatty acids

A

-linoleic acid, C18:2 N-6 (omega 6)
-a-linolenic acid, C18:3 n-3 (omega 3)

44
Q

what enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme of taking essential fatty acids precursors to make other important things

A

-6 desaturase
-the enzyme in the feline liver is low and thus arachidonic acid must be included in the diet of cats, especially during gestation and lactation

45
Q

what acid must be provided in cat diet

A

arachidonic acid must be included in the diet of cats, especially during gestation and lactation

46
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts to function as essential enzymes, enzyme precursors or coenzymes in many of the body’s metabolic processes

47
Q

vitamin A deficiency, excess, sources

A

-impaired growth, reproductive failure, dermatitis
-skeletal abnormalities
-fish liver oil, milk, liver, egg yolk

48
Q

vitamin D deficiency, excess, sources

A

-rickets, osteomalaciam, secondary hyperparathyroidism
-hypercalcemia, bone resorption
-liver, fish, egg yolk, sunlight

49
Q

vitamin E deficiency, excess, sources

A

-reproductive failure, pansteatitis in cats
-nontoxic
-wheat germ, corn, soybean oil

50
Q

vitamin K deficiency, excess, sources

A

-increased clotting times
-nontox
-green leafy plants, liver fish meal

51
Q

thiamin deficiency, excess, sources

A

-CNS dysfunction, anorexia, weight loss
-non tox
-meat, wheat germ

52
Q

riboflavin deficiency, excess, sources

A

-CNS dysfunction, dermatitis
-non tox
-milk, organ meats, vegtables

53
Q

niacin deficiency, excess, sources

A

-black tongue disease
-nontox
-meat, legumes, grains

54
Q

pyridoxine deficiency, excess, sources

A

-anemia
-nontox
-organ meats, fish, wheat germ

55
Q

pantothenic acid deficiency, excess, sources

A

-anorexia, weight loss
-nontox
-liver, kidney, dairy, legumes

56
Q

biotin deficiency, excess, sources

A

-dermatitis
-nontox
-eggs liver, milk, legumes

57
Q

folic acid deficiency, excess, sources

A

-anemia, leukopenia
-nontoxic
-liver, kidney, green leafy vegtables

58
Q

conbalamin deficiency, excess, sources

A

-anemia
-nontox
-meat, fish, poultry

59
Q

choline deficiency, excess, sources

A

-neurological dysfunction, fatty liver
-diarrhea
-egg yolk, organ meats, legumes, dairy

60
Q

vit C deficiency, excess, sources

A

-not required for dogs and cats
-nontox
-citrus fruit, dark green vegtables

61
Q

minerals

A

inorganic elements that are essential for metabolic process

62
Q

macro minerals

A

-calcium
-phosphrous
-magnesium
-iron

63
Q

calcium deficiency, excess, sources

A

-rickets, osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism
-impaired skeletal development, secondary deficiencies of other minerals
-dairy, poultry, meat meals, bone

64
Q

phosphorous deficiency, excess, sources

A

-rickets, osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism
-interfere with Ca metabolism
-meat, poultry, fish

65
Q

magnesium deficiency, excess, sources

A

-soft tissue calcification, neuromuscular irritability
-non likely absorption regulated
-soybeans, corn cereals, bone meals

66
Q

iron deficiency, excess, sources

A

-hypochromic microcytic anemia
-not likely absorption regulated
-organ meats

67
Q

micro minerals

A

-copper
-zinc
-MN
-I
-Se
-Co

68
Q

copper deficiency, excess, sources

A

-hypochromic microcytic anemia
-liver disease (inherited disorder)
-organ meat

69
Q

zinc deficiency, excess, sources

A

-dermatoses, hair depigmentation, growth retardation
-Ca and Cu deficency
-beef liver, dark poultry meats, milk, egg yolk, legumes

70
Q

Mn, I, Se, Co deficiency, excess, sources

A

-unlikely
-unlikely
-meat, poultry, fish, grains

71
Q

Na and Cl

A

-salt
-electrolytes
-deficiency not a problem
-cats and dogs are apparently capable of adapting to wide variation in intake
-cheap feeds will add extra for palatability

72
Q

water importance

A

-single most important nutrient
-animals can lose almost all body fat >50% protein and still survive
-but loss of 10% body water results in death

73
Q

waters required for:

A

-metabolic processes and chemical reaction
-temperature regulation
-digestion elimination

74
Q

how is water taken in

A

-food
-metabolic water
-drinking

75
Q

what determines water uptake

A

-voluntary intake is affected by dry matter content of the diet, temperature, physiological state, health
-healthy dogs and cats will adjust water intake to meet requirements

VBMS 314 (12 decks)

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