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nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most important nutrient for dogs and cats

A

biological energy

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2
Q

what is biological energy

A

-defined as the capacity for doing work
-unlike other nutrients energy is not a specific chemical compound
-organic substrates are oxidized to co2 and h2o through out a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions producing ATP

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3
Q

units of biological energy

A

-Kcal=energy required to raise the temp of 1kg of water 1 degree
-usually talk about the energy density of a feed: kcal/kg
-SI system uses joules (Kcal=4.184kJ

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4
Q

what is a human Calorie

A

kcal; 1000 calories

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5
Q

we express energy in kcal/kg but animals require…

A

kcal/day

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6
Q

what substrates are used for energy

A

-carbohydrates:
starch
fiber
-lipids
-amino acids

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7
Q

amino acids, carbohydrates, etc can be measured in the lab but what about energy

A

-bomb calorimeter
-material is completely combusted, increase in water temp measured
-carefully controlled conditions

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8
Q

gross energy

A

-total energy
-the amount of heat released when a substance (feed) is released in a bomb calorimeter

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9
Q

fecal energy

A

-some feed energy not absorbed and is lost in feces due to incomplete digestion
-FE= energy contained in feces measured using a BC
-single largest loss of energy

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10
Q

digestible energy

A

-DE=GE-FE

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11
Q

metabolizable energy

A

-ME=GE-FE-UE-gaseous E

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12
Q

metabolizability

A

-metabolizability=ME/GE x100

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13
Q

what energy form do dog and cat nutritionists generally use for feed formulation, why is this important

A

-metabolizable energy
-important because: they eat a high protein diet so urinary N losses are relatively high, not taking them into account your estimate of energy would be inaccurate

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14
Q

the atwater system

A

-calculates available energy of foods using equations
-it uses average values of energy in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, providing a coefficient used to calculate available food energy
-fat=9000kcal/kg
-carbohydrate=4000kcal/kg
-crude protein=4000kcal/kg

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15
Q

example of the atwater system

A

-analyze 1 kg of a feed sample and determine it has
-0.2kg fat
-0.6kg of carbohydrates
-0.1kg protein

-energy calculation
-fat=9000kcal/kg x 0.02 =180 kcal
-carbohydrates=4000 kcal/kg x 0.6kg=2400kcal
-protein=4000 kcal/kg x 0.1=400kcal
-total energy=180+2400+400=2980 kcal/kg

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16
Q

min or max for:
crude protein
crude fat
crude fibre
moisture
crude ash

A

min
min
max
max
max
-if not getting min they arent getting the amount they need
-if max they arent getting much benifit

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17
Q

what does the term crude refer to

A

-the specific analytical procedures to estimate the nutrient content
-refers to the “proximate analysis”
-developed in germany over 100 ya

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18
Q

crude protein (min)

A

-determines N content and multiply by 6.25
-this assumes that the average protein contains 16% N (100/16=6.25)

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19
Q

crude fat (min)

A

-determined following extraction with ether extract
-some non-nutritive lipids are extracted, while others that provide energy are not

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20
Q

crude fiber (max)

A

-organic residue remaining after plant material has been extracted with dilute acid and alkali solutions
-underestimates the level of true dietary fibre

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21
Q

moisture (max)

A

-determined by loss of weight in a sample after drying at a specified time and temperature

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22
Q

crude ash

A

-estimate of mineral components
-residue after organic matter and moisture has been removed by heating

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23
Q

protein function

A

-major structural component of the body
-muscle, hair, skin, nails, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
-hormones, enzymes, blood proteins

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24
Q

protein in the body

A

-protein in the body is in constant state of flux
-the body requires aa to synthesise required proteins
-these come from the diet of “de novo”
-this means that dogs and cats actually have a requirement for amino acids not protein

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25
essential and non essential amino acids
-essential or indispensable cannot be synthesized by the body at a sufficient rate to meet requirements -it is essential that they be included in the diet -non-essential or dispensable aa can be synthesized thus they can be provided either through the diet or synthesized
26
excess amino acids
-can be used for energy (or converted to glycogen or fat)
27
what if a cat or dog is energy deficent
AA will be oxidized for energy
28
GE and ME of AA
-GE= 5.65kcal/g -ME= ~3.5kcal/g
29
availability of AA
-comparable to energy but not all proteins is equally available -high-quality proteins are highly digestible and contain AA in proportions that are required -other proteins may be low in digestibility (lost in feces, or the N is lost in urine), or the profile of AA doesnt match required -ie hair and nails are slowly digested
30
example of tests used to evaluate protein quality
-essential amino acid index -protein efficiency ratio -biological value -net protein unilization
31
essential AA index
AA in the test protein (%)/this AA in the amino acid in the reference protein=summed for all AA
32
protein efficiency ratio
weight gained (g)/protein consumed
33
biological value
diet N-(fecal N+urinary N)/food N-fecal N
34
net protein utilization
BV x digestability
35
carbohydrates
-major energy containing constituents of plants -monosacarides (glucose, fructose) -disaccarides (lactose) -polysaccarides (starch and fiber-non starch polysac)
36
fiber
-definition based on analytical method used -subunits linked by beta bonds (cant be broken by cat and dog stomach enzymes) -however the microbes in the large intestine can break down some fiber) -this results in the formation of short-chain fatty acids -limited energy but important for gut health -important dilutent
37
fats and the 3 kinds
-soluble in solvents, insoluble in water -simple lipids (fatty acids and triglycerides) -compound lipids (lipids plus another molecule) -derived lipids (cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins etc)
38
what are the most important dietary lipids
-TAGs -glycerol back bone plus 3 fatty acids
39
fat molecule configuration
-fatty acids are usually long and unsaturated, but butter and coconut oil are examples of lipids that contain medium and short chain fatty acids -the double bonds are typically in the cis configuration -trans bonds occur primarily as a result of food processing
40
trans and saturated fats in dogs and cats
-research is limited but there is some evidence that trans and sturated FAs are less detrimental to cats and dogs then humans
41
functions of fats
-dogs and cats dont require alot but small amount is very important -supply energy (2.25 x the energy of CHO or proteins) -aid in absorption of the fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) -supply essential fatty acids
42
essential fatty acids
-important constituents of cell membranes -synthesis of bioactive compounds, prostoglandings, leukotrienes, prostacyclins and thromboxanes -important precursors of other long-chain unsaturted fatty acids and eventually other important hormone like molecules
43
name, formula of the essential fatty acids
-linoleic acid, C18:2 N-6 (omega 6) -a-linolenic acid, C18:3 n-3 (omega 3)
44
what enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme of taking essential fatty acids precursors to make other important things
-6 desaturase -the enzyme in the feline liver is low and thus arachidonic acid must be included in the diet of cats, especially during gestation and lactation
45
what acid must be provided in cat diet
arachidonic acid must be included in the diet of cats, especially during gestation and lactation
46
vitamins
organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts to function as essential enzymes, enzyme precursors or coenzymes in many of the body's metabolic processes
47
vitamin A deficiency, excess, sources
-impaired growth, reproductive failure, dermatitis -skeletal abnormalities -fish liver oil, milk, liver, egg yolk
48
vitamin D deficiency, excess, sources
-rickets, osteomalaciam, secondary hyperparathyroidism -hypercalcemia, bone resorption -liver, fish, egg yolk, sunlight
49
vitamin E deficiency, excess, sources
-reproductive failure, pansteatitis in cats -nontoxic -wheat germ, corn, soybean oil
50
vitamin K deficiency, excess, sources
-increased clotting times -nontox -green leafy plants, liver fish meal
51
thiamin deficiency, excess, sources
-CNS dysfunction, anorexia, weight loss -non tox -meat, wheat germ
52
riboflavin deficiency, excess, sources
-CNS dysfunction, dermatitis -non tox -milk, organ meats, vegtables
53
niacin deficiency, excess, sources
-black tongue disease -nontox -meat, legumes, grains
54
pyridoxine deficiency, excess, sources
-anemia -nontox -organ meats, fish, wheat germ
55
pantothenic acid deficiency, excess, sources
-anorexia, weight loss -nontox -liver, kidney, dairy, legumes
56
biotin deficiency, excess, sources
-dermatitis -nontox -eggs liver, milk, legumes
57
folic acid deficiency, excess, sources
-anemia, leukopenia -nontoxic -liver, kidney, green leafy vegtables
58
conbalamin deficiency, excess, sources
-anemia -nontox -meat, fish, poultry
59
choline deficiency, excess, sources
-neurological dysfunction, fatty liver -diarrhea -egg yolk, organ meats, legumes, dairy
60
vit C deficiency, excess, sources
-not required for dogs and cats -nontox -citrus fruit, dark green vegtables
61
minerals
inorganic elements that are essential for metabolic process
62
macro minerals
-calcium -phosphrous -magnesium -iron
63
calcium deficiency, excess, sources
-rickets, osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism -impaired skeletal development, secondary deficiencies of other minerals -dairy, poultry, meat meals, bone
64
phosphorous deficiency, excess, sources
-rickets, osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism -interfere with Ca metabolism -meat, poultry, fish
65
magnesium deficiency, excess, sources
-soft tissue calcification, neuromuscular irritability -non likely absorption regulated -soybeans, corn cereals, bone meals
66
iron deficiency, excess, sources
-hypochromic microcytic anemia -not likely absorption regulated -organ meats
67
micro minerals
-copper -zinc -MN -I -Se -Co
68
copper deficiency, excess, sources
-hypochromic microcytic anemia -liver disease (inherited disorder) -organ meat
69
zinc deficiency, excess, sources
-dermatoses, hair depigmentation, growth retardation -Ca and Cu deficency -beef liver, dark poultry meats, milk, egg yolk, legumes
70
Mn, I, Se, Co deficiency, excess, sources
-unlikely -unlikely -meat, poultry, fish, grains
71
Na and Cl
-salt -electrolytes -deficiency not a problem -cats and dogs are apparently capable of adapting to wide variation in intake -cheap feeds will add extra for palatability
72
water importance
-single most important nutrient -animals can lose almost all body fat >50% protein and still survive -but loss of 10% body water results in death
73
waters required for:
-metabolic processes and chemical reaction -temperature regulation -digestion elimination
74
how is water taken in
-food -metabolic water -drinking
75
what determines water uptake
-voluntary intake is affected by dry matter content of the diet, temperature, physiological state, health -healthy dogs and cats will adjust water intake to meet requirements

VBMS 314 (12 decks)

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