Cells, tissues, organs, systems

Question 1

what are cells

Answer 1

-smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
-cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane
-makes extracellular matrix

Question 2

what is a tissue

Answer 2

-collection of cells with similar structures that function together as a unit
-extracellular matrix fills any spaces between the cells

Question 3

what is a organ

Answer 3

-a collection of tissues organized into a structural unit that performs one or more functions
-typically self-contained

Question 4

what is a system

Answer 4

-a collection of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

Question 5

what are the different kinds of tissues

Answer 5

-connective tissue
-epithelial tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue

Question 6

what is connective tissue

Answer 6

-supports and connects other tissues
-cells and extracellular matrix
-ECM: fibres and ground substance
-fibres: collagen, elastic, reticular
-GS: usually fluid (but can be solid in bones)

Question 7

what is the order of strongest to weakest connective tissue fibers

Answer 7

collagen, elastic, reticular

Question 8

connective tissue proper

Answer 8

-loose, dense, reticular, elastic, adipose
-superficial fascia is loose connective tissue (less colog)
-Deep fascia is dense irregular connective tissue (more colog)
-tendons, aponeuroses, and regular connective tissue which is dense regular connective tissue

Question 9

what is the difference between a tendon and ligament

Answer 9

tendon is muscle to bone, ligament is bone to bone

Question 10

what is special connective tissue

Answer 10

-blood
-cartilage
-bone
-bone marrow

Question 11

what are the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 11

-smooth
-skeletal
-cardiac

Question 12

defining characteristics of smooth muscle cells

Answer 12

-nonstriated
-spindle-shaped
-one central nucleus per cell

Question 13

defining characteristics of skeletal muscle cells

Answer 13

-striated
-extremely long, cylinder-shaped
-multinucleated, peripheral nuclei

Question 14

defining characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

Answer 14

-striated
-elongated, branching
-one central nucleus (occasionally two) per cell

Question 15

even though muscle cells are so long how do they communicate with one and other

Answer 15

because they have multiple nuclei per cell so signals get around fast

Question 16

how are skeletal muscle tissues made up

Answer 16

-muscle fiber=multinucleated muscle cell
-surrounded by endomysium (reticular connective tissue)
-fascicle=group of fibers surrounded by perimysium (dense irregular connective tissue)
-epimysium merges with the deep fascia

Question 17

what are tendons

Answer 17

-dense oregular connective tissue
-dont contract like muscles
-attach muscle to bone
-muscle turns into tendon
-viscoelastic
-aponeurosis=broad, flat tendon

Question 18

what do tendons sometimes need

Answer 18

protection:
-seamoid cartlage or bone
-bursa (fluid-filled cushion)
-synovial sheath (like bursa, but wraps around tendon)

Question 19

skeletal muscle tissue functions

Answer 19

-mainly forms muscles that attach to and move the skeleton
-under voluntary control
-some skeletal muscles prevent movement to maintain body position and achieve desired motion
-others stabilize joints

-other:
-move eyeball
-facial expression
-respiration
-straining (urination, defecation, parturition)
-urinary bladder and bowel continence
-twitch or wrinkle skin

Question 20

what is the weakest muscle with the greatest displacement and the strongest muscle with the least displacement

Answer 20

parallel non-fusiform, non-parallel fusiform

Question 21

muscle terminology: attachment (bony and non-bony)

Answer 21

-origin= least movable attachment (proximal)
-insertion= most movable attachment (distal)

Question 22

muscle terminology: agonists and synergists vs. antagonists

Answer 22

-an agonist muscle provides most of the forces to cause a movement = prime mover
-a synergist muscle causes the same movement as an agonist muscle
-an antagonist muscle resists thar movement (causes opposite movement)

Question 23

muscle terminology: neutralizers and fixators

Answer 23

-neutralizer muscle cancels out extra motion produced by an agonistic muscle so that the movement occurs in the desired plane
-a fixator muscle stabilizes the origin of an agonist muscle to help agonist muscle function effectively

Question 24

muscle terminology: entric vs intrinsic muscles of the thoracic appendage

Question 25

if extrinsic muscles of an appendage are being called axioappendicular muscles what do your call intrinsic muscles

Answer 25

appendicular muscles

Question 26

what is synsarcosis and where is it seen

Answer 26

-a connection between parts of the skeleton formed by the muscle alone
-the thoracic axioappendicular muscle of common domestic mammals comprises a synsarcosis that links the thoracic appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton
-there is no bony link between the thoracic girdle and axial sleleton

Question 27

extrinsic thoracic appendicular muscle action