Nutrients and Human Health

Question 1

copper containing foods

Answer 1

organ meats, shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and achocolate.

Over 50 grams of zinc supplementation could lead to copper deficiency

Question 2

Manganese

Answer 2

Used for arthritis pain, superoxide dismutase, glutamine production, bone development, wound healing, and can help with seizures.

Question 3

Phytonutrients that assist in blood sugar regulation:

Answer 3

4-hydroxyisoleucine in fenugreek seeds,

charantin from bitter melon,

cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon,

isoflavones from soybeans,

beta-glucan from oats and barley.

Hydroxytryrosol is a phytonutrient found in olive oil that may assist in the reduction of LDL cholesterol oxidation.

Question 4

polyphenols

Answer 4

found in garlic, green tea, soybeans, citrus fruits, onions, apples, licroice root, flax seed, grapes and wine.

Inhibit inflammation

Question 5

Beta-glucans are phytonutrients found in

Answer 5

mushrooms, oats, barley, yeast, and seaweed

Question 6

sulfur

Answer 6

integral part of glutathione, insulin, keratan and other glycosaminoglycans in skin, cartilage, and connective tissue. Eggs, seafood, organ meats, meats, poultry and some nuts are good sources of sulfur.

Question 7

AI for sodium

Answer 7

1500 mg/day

Question 8

Calciium is tightly regulated in the body. which of the following is one of the ways calcium is tightly regulated

Answer 8

PTH increases bone resorption

when serum calcium is low, the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone which signals the bone, kidneys, and small intestine to breakdown stored calcium and/or increase calcium absorption. when serum calcium is high, calcitonin is released to store calcium in the bones.

Question 9

selenium

Answer 9

supplemental form as an antioxidant to support glutathione production.
- Research supports that dietary selenium is a powerful antioxidant that fights oxidative stress. The DRI for selenium is between 55-70 mcg/day although most supplemental doses are higher. The UL for selenium is 400 mcg/day. Brazil nuts are an excellent source.

Question 10

which of the functions is associated with silicon?

Answer 10

involved in formation of bones, connective tissue, collagen, and cartilage

Question 11

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme dependent on which mineral?

Answer 11

zinc
Alkaline phosphatase (ALK Phos) is a zinc dependent/zinc sensitive enzyme; its measurement may suggest further investigation for zinc insufficiency.

Question 12

Vitamin A

Answer 12

The retinal form of vitamin A promotes great vision. Many symptoms of vitamin A deficiency involve vision problems such as difficulty seeing at night.

Question 13

precursor to coenzyme NAD+

Answer 13

Vitamin B3

Question 14

RDA of vitamin C for adult females

Answer 14

Females 75 mg of vitamin C
Males 90 mg per day

Question 15

Potassium rich foods

Answer 15

Mango, dried beans, sweet potato, spinach, coconut, tomatoes (very high potassium foods >300mg/servings)

Avocados, bananas, melon, dried fruit, beet greens, swiss chard, bananas, winter squash

Question 16

Vitamin B6

Answer 16

a cofactor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin.
-sensory neuropathy, ataxia, degeneration of neurons.

Question 17

Nutrient supplements to accelerate healing in burns

Answer 17

Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Zinc and protein

Question 18

Vitamin E

Answer 18

Cold pressed vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes, egg yolks

Question 19

Vitamin D toxicity

Answer 19

can cause anorexia, weight loss, polyuria, heart arrhthymia. Raise blood levels of calcium which can lead to serious conditions. A serum 25 (OH) D concentration consistenly >500 nmol?l (>200 ng/mL) potentially toxic.

Question 20

protease inhibitors

Answer 20

bioactive phytochemicals found in many legumes. May inhibit the generation of free radicals. Soy beans and legumes.

Question 21

Pellagra

Answer 21

caused. by niacin deficiency
4 D’s diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death

Question 22

Calcium Milk: pinto beans

Answer 22

1C: 4 C

Question 23

Flavanoids

Answer 23

green tea, licorice root, wine, apple, citrus fruit, legumes

Question 24

highest smoke point

Answer 24

sesame 450 degrees
Higher than lard, rice bran or walnut

Question 25

Biotin

Answer 25

essential cofactor to enzymes in intermediary metabolism and a key regulator of gene expression.

Question 26

cretinism in utero

Answer 26

iodine deficiency syndrome that stunts physical and mental growth which is caused by hypothyroidism

Question 27

omega 3 fatty acids and cancer

Answer 27

help prevent colon, prostate and lung

Question 28

saponins

Answer 28

found in legumes, spinach and tomatoes. Associated with reduce total cholesterol.

Question 28

Vitamin A

Answer 28

Sweet potatoes high in vitamin A

Question 29

peridontal disease

Answer 29

deficiency of folate, vitamin C, zinc

Question 30

antioxidant to prevent oxidations and peroxidations of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

vitamin E
found in fish oil. protects fish oils from going rancid.

Question 31

sulforaphane

Answer 31

phase II detox enzymes and glutathione s-transferase.

foods include cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, bok choy, collards, arugula, mustard turnip, red radish, watercress.

Question 32

fishy body odor

Answer 32

choline toxicity
Also excess salivation and perspiration, and vomiting

Question 33

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Answer 33

Major function: Hydroxalting enzymes involved in:
- collagen synthesis
-carnitine synthesis
-tyrosine synthesis and catabolism
-neurotransmitter synthesis
-antioxidant

Metabolic pathways: carnitine synthesis in beta oxidation

antagonists: Heat, light, oxidation and alkaline solutionscan destroy, LARGE amounts of copper or iron with vitamin C may destroy vitamin C, pectin, zinc, high intracellular glucose, A single layer dose of ascorbate.

Other agonists: Glutathione
Antagonists

RDA: 90 mg/d (M)- 70 mg/d (F),

deficiency: scurvy, hyperkeratosis of hair follicles, psychological issues, wound healing, bleeding gums, ruptured capillaries.

Toxicity: >2 g, gastro problems

supplementation: free ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate, and ascorbyl palmitate, Ester c and rose hips

Assessment: Plasma vitamin C , concentration, leukocytes

Food sources: found mostly as ascorbic acid in: fruits and vegetables, asparagus, papaya, citrus, strawberries.

Question 34

RDA of vitamin D for 75 year old

Answer 34

800 IU : increase for the elderly population. aging process inhibits vitamin D synthesis from the skin and the elderly

Question 35

Lycopene

Answer 35

grapefruit, tomatoes, watermelon, red cabbage, asparagus,

Question 36

what compound in celery gives it its odor and many of its health benefits

Answer 36

3-n-butylphtahlide

protects against certain diseases.

Question 37

sulforaphane foods

Answer 37

increase expression of phase II detox enzymes and glutathione s transferase.
cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, bok choy, collards, arugula, mustard, turnip, red radish, watercress.

Question 38

manganese cofactor for

Answer 38

super oxide disumatase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase

Question 39

saponins

Answer 39

found in tomatoes, legumes, spinach
associated with reduce total cholesterol

Question 40

vanadium

Answer 40

mimic the effects of insulin on adipocytes

Question 41

calcium intake

Answer 41

taken with meals increase urinary calcium, increase urinary citrate, decrease urinary oxalate.

Question 42

Thiamin diphosphate

Answer 42

coenzyme form of thiamin
most bioactive