Fundamental principles of Nutrition Flashcards
20 carbon omega 3 fatty acid with 5 double bonds (20:5) is:
EPA
Which Neurotransmitter is produced by the hypothalamus, is an appetite stimulate, and is a regulator of glucose.
Orexin (hypocretin) is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, glucose, and appetite.
Methylation reactions occur in which detoxification phase?
phase II : Methylation is the primary method of removing toxins in the phase II liver detoxification system of the body.
Which of the following vitamins can be found with the enzyme, pyruvate carboxylase?
Biotin
Which nutrient is involved in the synthesis of carnitine?
Vitamin C ( carnitine, transports long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production)
which of the following hormones causes the gallbladder to contract and stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzymes?
CCK (stimulates secration of pancreatic enzymes, causes contraction of the GB, slows gastric emptying, increases motility in the colon.
A metabolic response to injury typically includes.
- negative nitrogen balance
- increased lipolysis
- increased glycogenolysis
- increased gluconeogenesis
NAD is a coenzyme derived from
Vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor found in all living cells. )
Healthier sperm counts are most closely associated with:
optimal dietary zinc, folic acid, and antioxidants
-healthy zinc status is an important part of preconception care for men.
statistical power ?
The ability to detect a statistically significant result and depends on how many people were in the study and if the effect was large enough to actually help make a change
Your breastfeeding client is worried about her milk supply. What galactagogue could you recommend
fenugreek
Which of the following is the primary purpose of edema during pregnancy?
increase blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus
Food additives that are considered neurotoxins or excitotoxins include all of the following except?
Neurotoxins: Carageenan, smoke flavoring, yeast extract
Cochineal extract is a natural food dye made from an insect and is considered safe to consume with no known neurotoxic effects.
Which of the following promotes enterocyte proliferation?
L-glutamine (conditionally essential amino acid) dietary sources or suppleentation may be beneficial at times such as when an injury or illness is present.
Primary action of neurotensin is to:
Inhibit release of gastric emptying and acid secretion. It is a neurotransmitter. Regulates LH and prolactin release.
Baby is two weeks old. How do they tell mother they are hungry.
Infant brings hands to mouth, sucks on them, and moves head side to side (rooting reflex).
Crying is a late sign of hunger.
What does aldosterone do?
increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys
-Aldosterone keeps the sodium and potassium in your blood balanced by increasing reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys, which helps control your blood pressure and the balance of fluids in your body.
Which of the following U.S. food assistance programs supports primary, secondary and tertiary prevention?
WIC
-supplemental foods to improve the health status of participants (tertiary), nutrition education (primary), access to nutritious foods and other health related resources (secondary)
SNAP, HEAD START AND NATIONAL SCHOOL BREAKFAST support primary and secondary prevention.
Of the following, this nutrient is lost the greatest quantaties through sweating: Magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium
calcium
Sodium and chloride are lost in the largest quantities via sweat. Lesser amounts of calcium are also lost via sweat.
Study looking at relationship between CVD and smoking, type of tobacco, amount smoked, secondhand smoke.
Case control: begin with outcome and researchers do not have to follow people over time (retrospective)
Infant born preterm are at risk for death, neurological problems, congenital malformations and chronic health problems later in life. At what week is it considered preterm
Less than 37 weeks. Premature birth is when baby is before 37 weeks.
A serving size of wine
5 oz.
A group of individuals followed for 10 years. Every 2 years, come to facility to complete a survey.
Cohort (one or more samples are followed prospectively to investigate the causes of disease and to establish links between risk factors and health outcomes.
Major site of oxygen utilization in the cell is :
Mitochondria ( main site of energy transformation are the mitochondria, which provide over 90% of cellular ATP.
Creatine is synthesized from the amino acids:
Glycine, arginine, and methionine
Creatine, which forms creatinine, is synthesized from glycine and arginine with the addition of methyl group from the folate and cobalamin dependent methionine-SAM-homocysteine cycle.
Which of the following research designs describes and interprets an individual case?
case report: report of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of an individual patient.
A metabolic response to injury typically includes:
- free fatty acids used as energy
- Insulin resistance
- Glycerol converted to glucose in the liver
All of the following are released in response to injury:
- Interleukin
- Cytokines
- tumor necrosis factor
Daily intake requirements increase during pregnancy for all of the following nutrients
Zinc, Iodine, Chromium
Calcium DOES NOT increase
Wound healing, exercise, rapid weight loss, fevers, and burns are all factors that could increase.
resting energy expenditure (REE)
the amount of energy expended by a person at rest.
-Body size and composition have the greatest effect.
-Many forms of stress on the body can increase REE.
Coenzyme A aids in the transfer of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. It is derived from:
Vitamin B5
Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl- CoA by means of beta oxidation insude the mitochondraia, whereas fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl- CoA outside the mitochondria, in the cytosol.
All of the following factos may help activate BDNF production except
a. curcumin supplementation
b. exercise
c. meditation
d. increased caloric intake
d. increased caloric intake
THESE ALL DO!
a. curcumin supplementation
b. exercise
c. meditation
The gene that turns on BDNF production is activated by several factors. These include calorie restriction, curcumin, docosahexaenoic acid, intermittent fasting, exercise, intellectual stimulation and meditation.
Allostasis is achieved by: automatic processes with which the body reponds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis.
The autonomic nervous system
HPA Axis hormones
cytokines.
Somatic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
Which of the following lipoproteins contain the most protein?
1. IDL; 2. Small VLDL particles; 3. large VLDL particles; 4. HDL
HDL
The ratio of protein to fat determines the density, thus particles with high levels of protein are the most dense.
Metabolic alkalosis
increase in serum bicarbonate (alkaline)
Hormones release to raise blood glucose, increase metabolism, constrict certain blood vessels?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
-play a role in the bodies fight or flight response.
Hormones signals the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium
aldosterone
Adrenal glands will secrete aldosterone to signal the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium in order to increase blood pressure.
daily protein requirement for first year?
1.6 g/kg
Recommended protein intake from birth to 6 months averages 2.2 g of protein per kg of body weight.
6-12 months: 1.6 g of protein per kg
daily intake requirements increase during pregnancy for…
Vitamin C, manganese, selenium
Osteoblasts take part in:
- Synthesis of collagen
- secretion of cytokines
- mineralization
Osteoclasts breakdown bone via secretion of enzymes and acid.
Preferred fuel for enterocytes?
Glutamine : an amino acid important for gut and immune health. GLutamine helps maintain the barrier between the inside of the intestines and the rest of the body, protecting against intestinal permeability (leaky gut).
L-glutamine
Acetate and Butyrate are classified as:
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced by bacteria in the colon. SCFA’s fatty acids with less than six carbon atoms.
typical metabolic change during pregnancy for women of normal weight?
- Visceral fat accumulation may increase as pregnancy progresses.
- Insulin sensitivity in early pregnancy
- Hyperlipidemia
Protein synthesis DOES NOT increase in first trimester. It increases in second and third trimester.
In the first step of gluconeogenesis, pyruvate carboxylase requires.
Biotin:
Gluconeogenesis: the metabolic pathway, synthesis of glucose from the three and four carbon molecules, such as pyruvate.
Site of release for GABA
central nervous system
Gamma-Amino Butyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Antecedents
congenital or developmental aspects of the individual that can include gender, family history, and genomics. These act to set the stage for the body’s response to the trigger.
Prryoloquinoline quinone (PQQ)
redox cofactor. beneficial in treating conditions that involve low mitochondrial function including in aging and neurological disease.
- reduce inflammation based on c-reactive protein levels
- sources include parsley, kiwi fruit, papaya
- support mitochondrial function
Folate absorption takes place in the:
jejunum : the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum
hormone is secreted by the beta cells in the pancreas?
Insulin: regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.
Epidemiology
Studying the incidence, distribution, and possible control of certain diseases in certain populations.
The following proteins are considered essential amino acids (9)
- Phenylalanin
- Valine
- Tryptophan
- Threonine
- Isoleucine
- methionine
- Histidine
- leucine
- lysine
(10). Arginine (some sources)
Essential amino acids are amino acids that need to be supplied by the diet becuase the body CAN NOT make them.
Non-essential amino acids
asparagine
glycine
serine
Involved in normal glucose homeostasis
- Insulin and glucagon
- growth hormone
- corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids ( produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balance)
Fructose
may increase urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate
may increase the production of uric acid
may increase insulin resistance
Only carbohydrate known to increase production of uric acid and urinary excretion of uric acid
Which nutrient is responsible for the color of brown adipose tissue (BAT)
Iron: gives brown adipose Tissue
BAT plays a role in body heat and controlling energy expenditure.
Null hypothesis
There is no difference between the 2 groups
Kidneys play an important role in the production and/or elimination of all of the following
vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus
Kidneys play an important role in the maintenance of calcium-phosphorus homeostasis which also involves the production of the active form of vitamin D
fuel source for coloncytes
Butyrate
healthy gut flora digest food through fermentation. When they ferment certain types of fiber, they create butyrate.
Potential risk factors for developmental birth defects
- parental drug use
- hypoxia during pregnancy
- iodine deficiency during early pregnancy
The age of the mother is considered a factor for the development of birth defects, not the father.
All of the following can stimulate the release of glucagon
increased plasma amino acids
increased CCK
Increased norepinephrine
Glucagon is responsible for making sure blood glucose levels arent too low by getting glucose out of the cell. For example, the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Athletes who train early in the morning before eating or drinking are at risk for
Low liver glycogen stores
How do lipid soluble compounds enter the intestinal cells from the brush border?
passive diffusion moves nutrients from a high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
nutrient deficiency is most closely associated with hearing loss in aging adults?
Vitamin B12 (depleted stomach acid levels)
Vitamin B12
Dependent methionine synthase catalyses the conversion of 50methyltetrahydrofolate and L-homocysteine to tetrahydrofolate and L-methionine as the final step. The enzyme requires B12 (methylcobalamin)
Ph for Salivary amylase:gastric pepsin
salivary amylase (6.75-7.00)
Gastric pepsin and lipase (1.5-3.5)
Extremes of PH can lead to denaturation of enzymes
Resting MEtabolic Rate (RMR) was approximately 1,246 calories and activity factor (1.375) = total energy expenditure
TEE is calculated by multiplying RMR and activity factor
1,246 x 1.375= 1,713
amino acids and ions absorbed ?
active transport moves against concentration gradient which requires a carrier protein and uses ATP
average caloric intact for infants (first 6 months)
108 calories
An infant will consume adequate amounts of nutrients and calories if breastfed. The range in caloric requirements for individual infants is braod, ranging from 80 to 120 calories per kg (2.2 lb body weight) Average: 108
calories from fat, carbohydrates, protein
fat (9 calories)
carbohydrates (4 calories)
Protein (4 calories)
example: 18 grams fat, 100 grams carbohydrates, 40 grams protein
18x9+ 4x100+ 4x40= 722
Which of the following diseases causes a defect in copper metabolism?
Menke’s disease (MNK) : recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper transport protein.
client is 28 year old female who just had a baby. So far, she has lost 8 lbs. Before she got pregnant, she was 125 lbs. How much weight can she expect to lose within a week after delivery?
15 pounds within the first week after delivery.
Loss of more than 1.5 pounds per week, even in women with excess fat stores, can decrease breast milk production.
hepicidin synthesis is increased by
iron loading
Hepicidin synthesis increases in response to iron and inflammation and decreases in response to erythropoiesis.
Diet, medication compliance, and sleep hygiene are examples of which type of health related factors?
behavioral (indicate an individuals direct actions related to their health)
Environmental factors consist of the physcial (natural and built) environmental surrounding an individual, not their actions.
what is needed for short chain fatty acid synthesis in the colon
fiber (bacteria in the colon feed on fiber to produce short chain fatty acids)
wo carbon omega 6 fatty acid with 4 double bonds (20:4)
ARA (Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated omega 6 fatty acid)
which type of nutrient moves through intestines quicker and generally helps with bowel movements?
insoluble fiber
found in wheat bran, vegetables, and whole grains. IT adds bulk to the stool.
which of the following hormones stimulates milk production during breast feeding.
Prolactin stimulates milk production. Oxytocin causes the milk to eject from the ducts (let down reflex)
Mifflin St. Jeor equation
Resting energy expenditure (REE)
Harris Benedict equation is also used to calculate REE
DHA for pregnant woman
salmon, caviar, mackerel, tilapia
Tilefish (may have high levels of mercury)
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) inhibits
arachidonic acid metabolism
EPA is an inhibitor of AA metabolism resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin 2 (E-2 (PGE2)), a substance known to potentiate urine calcium excretion.
which may contribute to high triglycerides if eaten in excess
peas (starchy vegetables). Excess carbohydrates increases triglycerides. Starchy vegetables may increase triglycerides if not eaten in moderation
primary focus of norepinephrine
-decrease motility, increase contraction of sphincters, and inhibit secretions.
- stimulate a flight or fight response in times of stress
which of the following hormones is released when protein is in the stomach and acts on parietal and chief cells.
gastrin
acts on parietal and chief cells to stimulate HCL and pepsinogen.
Eating to improve male fertility
high fat dairy products and monounsaturated fats.
Trans fats should be reduced.
lower animal protein diet
eating high fiber foods.
uric acid stones form at a urinary Ph less than:
5.5
nitric oxide
vasodilator, meaning it relaxes the inner muscles of your blood vessels causing the vessels to widen
-regulate blood flow, maintain muscle tone and gastric motor activity
cross sectional study
snapshot in time
an observational study that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time.
which of the following microorganisms compromises approximately 25% of the microbiome?
lactobacilli
Lactobacilli ferment fiber to lactic acid and short chain fatty acids (SCFA)
water reabsorbed in the digestive tract
large intestine
most are absorbed in the small intestine, water is reabsorbed in the large intestine
chymotrypsin
the active form of chymotrypsinogen.
proteolytic enzyme activated by enterokinase which is bound within the brush border membrane of enterocytes within the small intestine.
BPA exposure
-BPA may be used in the manufacturing of cosmetic packaging
-BPA is leached when exposed to cold temps.
-is leached when exposed to heat
-is restricted in the manufacturing of baby bottles.
end product of purine metabolism from food
uric acid ( in excess can be harmful to the body) i.e gout, kidney stones,
Stimulates the release of CCK Icholecystokinin
peptides, amino acids, fats, HCL
brush border enzyme located in the small intestine that breaks down protein
carboxypeptidase
Maltase, dextrinase, lactase (involved in carbohydrate digestion)
Diamine oxidase activity is stimulated by
meat and alcohol (increased diamine oxidase activity is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer)
All of the following sweeteners contain fructose:
agave nectar, honey, maple syrup
Monk fruit (due to way monk fruit is processed as a sweetener, fructose is removed)
carbohydrates she should have during pregnancy.
RDA (45-65% of daily caloric value)
175 grams
statistical power
the ability to detect a statistically significant result and depends on how many people were in the study and if the effect was large enough to actually help make a change.
Geophagia (consumption of dirt or clay) amylophagia (laundry starch or corn starch)and pagophagia (ice) are more common during pregnancy as a result of
Pica (14%-44%)
Colostrum
twice the concentration of vitamin A compared to mature milk.
Higher in Vitamin A and protein, and lower in lactose than milk
-secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin are primary protein present.
P value
a statistical tool used to determine the significance of study results. A small p-value (typically <=0.05) indicates statistical significance. Magnitude effect, sample size, and variability impact p-value and therefore the significance of a given study.
Dietary advanced glycation end products are known to contribute to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. which has the highest.
glazed donnut, fruit roll up, oreao cookies, dried figs
1 fried egg: 1,240 kU/l
1 scrambled egg: 75 kU/l
2 ounces (57 grams) of toasted bagel: 100 kU/l
2 ounces of fresh bagel: 60 kU/l
1 tablespoon of cream: 325 kU/l
¼ cup (59 ml) of whole milk: 3 kU/l
3 ounces of grilled chicken: 5,200 kU/l
3 ounces of poached chicken: 1,000 kU/l
3 ounces of French fries: 690 kU/l
3 ounces of baked potato: 70 kU/l
3 ounces (85 grams) of broiled steak: 6,600 kU/l
3 ounces of braised beef: 2,200 kU/l
dried figs (799 AGE kU/serving)
Thin crust pizza 6,825 AGE kU/serving
Glucose + galactose
Lactose is made from the monosaccharides
which of the following groups contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignins?
insoluble fiber (found in wheat bran, vegetables and whole grains. It adds bulk to the stool).
Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
Resting energy expenditure (REE) = Thermal effect of activity
TEE is the amount of calories burned by a person in one day (including activity). REE is the energy expended in the activities necessary to sustain normal body functions and homeostasis.
The TEF (thermal effect of food) is also a factor but may be considered as an overall additive factor within activity thermogenesis in simplified calculations of TEE.
Recommended amount of protein for adolescents
.95 g/kg (need a little more protein because of the rapid growth and development)
hormones signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Angiotensin II signals the pituitary gland to secrete ADH which signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water.
For a food item to be labeled “low calorie” the following is true
Contains 40kcal or less per serving
neurotensin
inhibit release of gastric emptying and acid secretion.
approximately how much time does it take for breastmilk to empty an infant’s stomach?
1.5 hours
Formula empties an infants stomach in 3-4 hours.
preferred fuel source for fetus
glucose: in the fetal heart, carbs, primarily glucose and lactate are the preferred sources fro ATP production. In the human body, glucose is the only fuel that is used by brain cells except under prolonged starvation conditions.
6 stages of change
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
polysaccharide that is stored in the muscles and liver and is found in animals?
Glycogen (polysaccharide that is stored to use for energy in humans)
which neurotransmitter is involved in controlling adrenocorticotropic hormone release and is released during exercise?
CRF ( corticotropin-releasing hormone:peptide hormone involved in stress response. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is also known as corticotropin-releasing factor CRF)
weight gain during pregnancy
overweight 15-25 lbs
normal weight 25-35 lbs
Biotin (vitamins)
-found with enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
-Acts as a cofactor in oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids
-important metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid catabolism.
serving size of beer
12 oz
Omega 3 fat with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds (18:3)
ALA (a-linolenic acid)
which of the following are guidelines for proper hydration
- Drink approx 14-22 oz of water 2-3 hours before starting exercise.
- Do not consume alcohol after exercise
- Drink no more than one cup pf fluid during exercise.
NOT USED: use thirst as an indicator of fluid loss during exercise.
organic acid produced by pyruvate
acetate (small chain fatty acid produce by pyruvate) acetate and coenzyme A (CoA) join together to create acetyl-coA for the citric acid cycle.
soluble and insoluble fiber
nuts have hemicellulose that contain both soluble and insoluble fiber
synthesis of carnitine, which nutrient?
vitamin C , transports long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production.
which hormone is released by the intestinal tract when fats and proteins enter the small intestine?
CCK stimulates secration of pancreatic enzymes, causes contraction of the gallbladder, slows gastric emptying, and increases motility in the colon.
Hypermetabolic response
stress, burns, sepsis
Starvation is NOT: decreases BMR. The response to critical illness, injury, and sepsis characteristically involves ebb and flow phases of metabolic response.
hormone secreted by adipose tissue and is correlated with the percentage of body fat?
leptin : resistance occurs when the body stops responding to this hormone and typically results in fat gain.
disaccharides
- lactose
- sucrose
- maltose
NOT Galactose (monosaccharide)
Which of the following does cause insulin to release from the pancreas?
1. glycolysis
2. amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
3. glycogenesis
- DOES NOT: gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis: triggers glucagon to be released
Nutrients needed in order to convert niacin from tryptophan?
Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Iron
The body can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptoophan, the synthesis is extremely slow; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin.
DHA during pregnancy
200-300 mg (babies brain and eye development)
cofactor
a nutrient that is required by an enzyme for full activation of the enzyme?
example: potassium and magnesium are needed for pyruvate phosphokinase
Intestinal gases includeL
carbon dioxide (Co2)
oxygen (O2)
nitrogen (N2)
hydrogen (H2)
methane (CH4)
hormones respond to reduced blood pressure?
ADH and aldosterone
Mechanisms to maintain water equilibrium come from a number of hormones including antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, angiotesin II, cortisone, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
Increased serum osmolality or decreased blood volume lead to the release of antidiuretic hormone which signals the kidneys to conserve water, resulting in increased blood pressure.
Aldosterone keeps the sodium and potassium in your blood balanced. by increasing reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys, which helps control your blood pressure and balance of fluids in your body.
Site of release of serotonin
Gi tract and spinal cord
A neurotransmitter especially known for its role in mood, memory, sleep and cognition.
Glutathione is primarily made up the following amino acids.
Glutamine, glycine, cysteine
an antioxidant that is produced in the liver
contains pectins, beta-glucans, mucilages, gums
soluble fiber
black beans, lima beans, brussels sprouts, avocados, sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, apples
child in the 95th percentile for weight (3 years old)
obese, 2 years of age or older, a BMI in the 85th percentile or greater but less than the 95th percentile indicates over weight,
BMI in the 95th percentile or greater (obese)
alcohol that raises prolactin
Beer contains hops which are consdiered a galactagogue, a stimulant of prolactin which increases milk supply.
proteins main function to act as a catalyst and accelerate chemical reactions.
enzyme (bind to substrates and catalyze chemical reactions.
ideally an athlete will consume a pregame meal how many hours before their event?
3-4 hours allows for partial digestion, provides additional muscle glycogen, additional blood sugar, and allows enough time for the stomach to empty.
which of the following vitamins is required in the pentose phosphate pathway for transketolase reactions?
vitamin B1 (Transketolase is a thiamine pyrophosphate (vitamin B1) dependent enzyme. Thiamin status is often measured indirectly by assaying the activity of the transketolase enzyme)
Traditional dieting may boost levels of which hormone?
ghrelin
People dieting often are restricting too much or havent adapted to a lower calorie intake. Ghrelin is increased as a result to urge the body to eat more.
which herbs may reduce milk flow
jasmine (reduce)
Hibiscus flower, raspberry and lemongrass (improve milk flow)
which food additive is gluten free?
maltodextrin (derived from corn or tapioca)
modified food starch, seitan and malt extract ALL HAVE GLUTEN
what is defined as the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?
glycogenolysis (the opposite of glycogenesis)
-takes place in the cells of muscle and liver tissues.
The factor that has the largest impact on an individuals health is:
socioeconomic status
which of the following minerals is associated with Keshan’s disease
Selenium
Keshan’s disease is a form of heart disease that occurs as a result of selenium deficiency combined with infection.
Tyrosine (conditionally essential )
conditional amino acids include: arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine (essential only under certain circumstances such as illness or stress.
carbohydrates are transfered through the blood as ..
monosaccarides enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
which of the following triggers glucagon to be released.
decreased plasma glucose
Glucagon is released from the pancreatic alpha cells when there is low plasma glucose.
correct pH of the blood is
7.35-7.45
The normal blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45, which is lightly basic.
Hypertension risk
highest risk : black males
Non-hispanic black adults have a higher age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (42.6% of men) than non hispanic whites (33.4%of men, 30.7% of women) and Mexican Americans (30.1% of men, 28.8% of women).
Micelles
necessary part of digestion because they transport the otherwise poorly soluble monoglycerides and fatty acids to the surface of the enterocyte where they can be absorbed.
Type I error
rejects the null hypothesis, when the null hypothesis is true
The vitamin A content in colostrum is roughly double the amount in mature human breast milk.
Vitamin A
Alcohol abuse may lead to :
Primary or secondary malnutrition
secondary malnutrition occurs when alcohol inhibits the body’s ability to digest and/or absorb nutrients. Primary malnutrition occurs because substance abuse is associated with greater risk of food insecurity, lack of access to food.
Tartrazine
-A yellow dye No. 5 color additive in food and drugs. It may cause severe allergic reactions in some people and therefore is a required by the FDA to be listed on food and drug labels.
Main carbohydrate in breast milk
lactose: Many babies are not allergic to lactose in breastmilk but are allergic to the proteins found in breastmilk (whey or casein)
Age related changes in body composition of elderly
loss of lean body mass
decrease in bone mineral density
redistribution of adipose tissue
Body fat is more likely to increase with age.
case report
detailed report of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of an individual patient.
what happens in the distal convoluted tubule?
Renal filtrate is fine tuned through water and sodium reabsorption. Responds to changes in hormones (ADH and aldosterone). Maintains blood pressure.
located in the kidney’s cortex. It reabsorbs calcium, sodium, and chloride and regulate urinary pH.
HIV
Blacks and Latinos account for 44% and 22% of new HIV diagnosis
PRoteins, carbohydrates,fat, alcohol
Fat (9 calories)
Protein (4 calories)
carbohydrates (4 calories)
Alcohol (7 calories)
when cells lack mitochondria, they cannot metabolize pyruvate to carbon dioxide via the citric acid cycle. THey convert pyruvate to:
Lactate
NADH is oxidized to NAD + during this reaction. Lactate may rise to high levels in the blood during extreme exercise.
organic acid that binds calcium
oxalate
frequent consumption of high oxalate foods may contribute to risk of kidney stones. Food sources of oxalate include spinach, rhubarb, almonds, cashews and miso.
GABA primary action
neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter
p450 enzymes Cyp… what is cyp2A6
involved in the metabolism of nicotine
all of the following are released in response to injury
epinephrine
glucagon
ACTH
Not Insulin . Insulin resistance of tissues may happen as a result of injury.
coenzymes
reusable non protein molecules made from carbon.
Contain carbon, can be reused and recycled, takes part in redox reactions.
acidic loads and alkaline load
acidic: meat, fish, eggs
Alkaline (basic) foods: dried beechnuts and chestnuts, molasses and cocoa, coriander and curry powder.
Acetate and butyrate
short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced by bacteria in the colon. SCFA’s fatty acids with less than six carbon atoms.
The most widely distributed coenzyme in the body is:
ATP a example of an essential non-vitamin coenzyme, and it is the most widely distributed coenzyme in the body.
Glycogen stores depleted
during endurance exercise of 90 minutes or more.
Bioavailability of phophorus may be reduced by:
The concurrent ingestion of calcium
It is enhanced by the concurrent ingestion of vitamin D.
Cows milk not until 1 year of age. Why?
-Dairy can induce iron deficiency anemia
-Human milk had magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc which is bioavailable.
-The protein in cows milk is also harder for the baby to breakdown.
-cows milk would overload the immature kidneys with nitrogen.
Preconception folic acid dosage
400 mcg
safflower, sunflower, corn, soybeans, sesame, hemp, pumpkin oils
linoleic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid with multiple double bonds)
primary sources of data
Interview with key informants
Primary sources of data consist of information gathered directly by the health specialists. (ONLY source)
secondary sources of data include information gathered, published or reported by another entity, organization or individual (such as the U.S. census, state health department or local hospital).
metabolic response to starvation
decreased ureagenesis
decreased gluconeogenesis
increased ketone body production
increased glycogenolysis.
Main protein in breastmilk
Whey: most prevalent form of protein in breastmilk. The whey: casein ratio is 90:10 in early lactation, 80:20 on average, and eventually 60:40 as the baby gets older.
substance P
Increase sensory awareness and peristalsis
Substance P is a neurotransmitter that stimulates pain receptors in the body.
Breast fed babies should receive which vitamins?
Vitamin D and vitamin K
Vitamin K injections at birth reduce the risk of bleeding and vitamin D is given around 2 months. Breastmilk is considered inadequate levels of vitamin D.
Primary function of chief cells
secrete lipase and pepsinogen which help break down and digest fats and proteins.
Aldosterone
increase reabsorption of sodium in kidneys.
keeps the sodium and potassium in your blood balanced by increasing reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. which helps control your blood pressure and the balance of fluids in your body.
soluble fiber
absorbs water, turns into gel and has been shown to lower cholesterol and blood sugar.
draws water into your gut which softens your stool and allows for frequent bowel movements.
logic model
main components include: situation, inputs, outputs, outcomes, assumptions, and external factors.
Healthier sperm counts are most closely associated with:
Optimal dietary zinc, folic acid and antioxidants.
zinc is the most important.
to avoid gastrointestinal distress, the ____ content of a pregame or preworkout meal should be reduced
Fat
Delays gastric emptying.
