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biochemistry > nutrients > Flashcards

nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nutrient?

A
  • any food component that serves these purposes; provision of energy, provision of raw material for building of tissues + regulation of bodily functions
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2
Q

what are micronutrients?

A
  • vitamins and minerals as only need to consume a few grams a day
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3
Q

what are macronutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates, fats and proteins as consumed in large quantities
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4
Q

what do carbohydrates contain and what are they apart of?

A
  • contain at least 2 hydroxyl groups
  • part of every building block of nucleic acids
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5
Q

what are the main roles of carbohydrates?

A
  • provide a source of energy
  • offer external protection
  • assist cells in recognising molecules when attached to proteins/ lipids via glycosylation
  • in form of ribose/ deoxyribose; building block of nucleic acid
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6
Q

what bond is formed in carbohydrates?

A
  • glycosidic bonds
  • link between hydroxyl groups and shed water to form bond
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7
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A
  • simplest carbohydrate
  • named according to number of carbon atoms
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8
Q

what are oligosaccharides?

A
  • when 2 to 10 monosaccharides link covalently via glycosidic bonds
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9
Q

what are disaccharides?

A
  • formation of two monosaccharides
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10
Q

what is maltose made of?

A
  • glucose + glucose
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11
Q

what is sucrose made of?

A
  • glucose and fructose
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12
Q

what is lactose made of?

A
  • glucose and galactose
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13
Q

what are polysaccharides? given an example

A
  • formed from more than 10 monosaccharides
  • not readily associated with energy provision
  • cellulose is a polymer of glucose
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14
Q

where is cellulose found and what is its role?

A
  • found in plants and is the main solid constituent providing support
  • major constituent of dietary fibre
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15
Q

what is starch?

A
  • major form of starch
  • found in seeds and plants
  • mixture of amylose and amylopectin
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16
Q

describe simple and complex carbohydrates

A
  • simple= 1-3
  • complex= 3-10+ monosaccharides
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17
Q

describe glycogen

A
  • structurally similar to amylopectin
  • major source of stored carb in the body
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18
Q

describe where lipids are found and the roles they play

A
  • exists as large tissue in adipose
  • vital constituent of membranes, hormones and vitamins
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19
Q

what are the common features of lipids?

A
  • low solubility in water
  • large store of energy
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20
Q

what are fatty acids?

A
  • simplest form of lipids
  • organic acids containing lots of carbon atoms (12-26)
  • consists of long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms all around and a carboxyl group at one end
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21
Q

what are saturated fatty acids?

A
  • when all carbons are linked by single bonds
  • no room for more atoms
22
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • presence of double bonds means they can receive two H to become single
23
Q

describe triglycerides

A
  • most abundant lipid category, constitutes 95% dietary fat
  • serves as energy depots
  • consists of a glycerol unit and three fatty acids
24
Q

what bonds are found in triglycerides?

A
  • ester bonds
25
Q

what are steroids and phospholipids?

A
  • found in cell membrane
  • creates a strong structure for membrane to be stable
26
Q

what are phospholipids?

A
  • contain a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
  • tail faces inwards and hence doesn’t mix with water
27
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A
  • lipids are not soluble in water
28
Q

describe vitamins and minerals

A
  • compliment carbs, fat and protein
  • no energy value
29
Q

what is the role of vitamins and minerals?

A
  • vital regulators of numerous bodily functions
  • involved in energy provision during exercise
30
Q

what are vitamins classified as?

A
  • water or fat soluble
31
Q

what is the role of B1 ( thiamine)? vitamin

A
  • found in active site of pyruvate dehydrogenase
32
Q

what is the role of B2 (Riboflavin) ? vitamin

A
  • precursor of coenzymes for redox reactions
33
Q

what is the role of B6? vitamin

A
  • coenzymes for aminotransferases and neurotransmitters
34
Q

what is the role of B12? vitamin

A
  • serves as enzyme in fatty acid processing
35
Q

what is the role of Vitamin A ?

A
  • contained within retinas of the eye
36
Q

what is the role of Vitamin D?

A
  • involved in calcium absorption and hence bone health
37
Q

what is the role of folate? vitamin

A
  • synthesis of DNA
38
Q

what is the role of pantothenate? vitamin

A
  • contributes to coenzyme A
39
Q

what is the role of niacin? vitamin

A
  • precursor of NAD and NADP
40
Q

describe sodium and its role= mineral

A
  • main cation in extracellular fluid
  • needed for electrical transmission in nerves and muscles
  • maintains water content in various compartments of the body
41
Q

what is it called when sodium content is abnormally low?

A
  • hyponatremia
  • caused when you sweat too much so low salt content
42
Q

describe the role of potassium = mineral

A
  • interact with sodium to maintain fluid balance and electrical impulses
43
Q

what is calcium important for? mineral

A
  • critical compartment of bones and blood clotting
44
Q

what role does magnesium play? mineral

A
  • cofactor for 100s of enzymes
45
Q

what does iron help in? mineral

A
  • embedded in proteins handling oxygen and involved in the electron transport chain
46
Q

what is copper used for= mineral

A
  • cofactor for cytochrome C
  • key component of the electron transport chain
47
Q

what is the role of zinc? mineral

A
  • sits in the active sites of around 200 enzymes including carbonic anhydrase that helps get rid of carbon dioxide
48
Q

what is manganese? mineral

A
  • cofactor for 100 enzymes involved in metabolism
49
Q

describe chlorine and its role = non metal mineral

A
  • main anion in extracellular fluids where it interacts with sodium to maintain fluid balance and electrical charges across membranes
  • production of digestive HCL acid
50
Q

what is the role of phosphorus = non metal mineral

A
  • phosphorus groups are covalently attached to a vast array of biological compounds

biochemistry (15 decks)

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