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biochemistry > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the immune system consist of?

A
  • organs, cells and chemicals
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2
Q

what are the two categories of the immune system?

A
  • innate
  • adaptive
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3
Q

what is the innate branch of the immune system?

A
  • non - specific response
  • first to respond
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4
Q

what is the adaptive branch of the immune system?

A
  • specific response
  • involves T cells and B cells
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5
Q

what is the primary role of the immune system?

A
  • governs how the body defends against foreign pathogens
  • includes viruses (cold, flu), bacteria (pneumonia) and fungi (yeast)
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6
Q

what should the immune system be able to recognise?

A
  • recognise ‘self’ vs ‘non self’ or ‘altered self’
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7
Q

where are most cells produced? what is this site known as?

A
  • most cells produced in bone marrow
  • known as primary lymph organ
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8
Q

what gland produces more mature cells?

A
  • thymus gland
  • cells navigate this after they are produced
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9
Q

what are secondary lymph organs?

A
  • sites where the body detects infection
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10
Q

where are lymph regions?

A
  • in lungs, intestines
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11
Q

what are physical barriers?

A
  • a branch of innate immune system that
    ‘physically’ prevent a foreign substance from reaching the site of infection
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12
Q

what can microbes be? (3)

A
  • trapped by skin cells or mucus
  • killed by antibodies in tears, saliva+ mucus
  • removed from body by shedding skin, coughing, vomiting, flushing bodily fluids (urine/ tears)
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13
Q

what are immune cells collectively named? do the two systems work together?

A
  • collectively called white blood cells or leukocytes
  • two systems work together as innate system sends specific signals to activate the adaptive system
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14
Q

what are the three main cells involved in cell- mediated response?

A
  • monocytes
  • neutrophils
  • natural killer cells
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15
Q

what are monocytes? how much makes up the blood?

A
  • type of phagocyte for microbes and dead cells
  • 3 to 9% of the blood
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16
Q

what happens when monocytes leave the blood? what is formed?

A
  • when they leave the blood they form macrophages in tissues
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17
Q

what are neutrophils? how much is in the blood?

A
  • rapid responder to infection/ stress that exits the blood to enter tissues
  • also known as a phagocyte
  • 60% of the blood
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18
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A
  • engulf microbes (phagocytosis)
  • kill via release of toxic molecules (respiratory burst)
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19
Q

what are natural killer cells? what percent is found in the blood?

A
  • destroy virus - infected and cancer cells
  • 1 to 6%
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20
Q

what do natural killer cells produce?

A
  • proteins such as cytokines to kill infected/ cancerous cells
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21
Q

what do innate immune cells recognise?

A
  • pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
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22
Q

what does humoral response involve?

A
  • complement proteins
  • made in liver and bind to antibodies or PAMPs on microbes (bacteria) or dead cells
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23
Q

what do complement proteins form? what does this recruit and how?

A
  • form complexes
  • recruit phagocytes to the site via chemical gradients; complement cascade
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24
Q

what other proteins can be released from innate immune cells? what do they do?

A
  • cytokines
  • kill infected cells or signal to adaptive immune system
25
Q

what cell bridges innate and adaptive immunity? what do they present?

A
  • dendritic cells
  • process parts of a foreign body and present antigen to cells of adaptive immune system in lymph nodes
  • known as antigen presenting cell
26
Q

what are the adaptive immunity cells involved in cell mediated immunity? where are they developed and what is the percent?

A
  • T cells
  • cells themselves kill disease
  • developed in thymus
  • 20 to 40%
27
Q

what do T cells release?

A
  • cytokines that kill virus infected cells or tumours
28
Q

what is the cell- mediated response balanced by?

A
  • regulatory T cells
  • send signals to stop
29
Q

what adaptive immune cells are used in humoral response? where is it produced and what percent?

A
  • B cells
  • non- cellular process
  • produced in bone marrow
  • 1 to 6% of the blood
30
Q

what do B cells differentiate to? what do these cells produce?

A
  • differentiate into plasma cells
  • produces antibodies that can destroy cells
31
Q

what properties do T and B cell responses have?

A
  • specific
  • property of memory
32
Q

what happens when a naïve T or B cell encounters a new antigen?

A
  • it becomes a memory cell
  • pool of memory cells for future infections
33
Q

how do T cells work?

A
  • killer T cells strongly adhere to cancer cells
  • T cells releases pore forming toxins and cytokines that results in cell death
34
Q

how do B cells work?

A
  • differentiate into plasma cells, which release Y shaped antibodies
  • antibodies work to recognise molecular shape on infected cells
  • form a complex to recruit phagocytes to destroy the cell
35
Q

how can you preserve immunity?

A
  • through exercising
36
Q

what are the four ways that immune function can be measured?

A
  • self- reported illness
  • cellular level
  • release of molecules reflecting immune response
  • in vivo immunity
37
Q

describe self- reported illness as a means of measuring immune function

A
  • upper respiratory tract infections
  • number and severity
38
Q

describe cellular work as a means of measuring immune function

A
  • concentration of immune cells (T and B cells, neutrophils)
  • activation/ suppression markers on a specific cell type
  • measure immune cell function e.g., movement of immune cell towards bacteria or virus
39
Q

describe release of molecules reflecting immune response as a means of measuring immune function

A
  • antibodies with anti- microbial properties e.g., salivary IgA
  • enzymes with a role in phagocytosis e.g., lysozyme
40
Q

describe in vivo immunity as a means of measuring immune function

A
  • antibody responses to a vaccine (flu, hepatitis B)
  • wound healing and/ or skin thickening to mild trauma
41
Q

what happens to naïve cells as you get older?

A
  • number of naïve cells decline
  • slower immune response
42
Q

what does moderate exercise at 50% V02 max increase?

A
  • number of leukocytes in blood increases
43
Q

when is increase greater in intense exercise at around 80% V02 max?

A
  • increase greater in minutes after
44
Q

what happens to leukocytes number in the hours following exercise (recovery stage) ?

A
  • drop below rest in hours later
  • result of dynamic and complex physiological responses
45
Q

what is the ‘ open window for infection’ hypothesis ?

A
  • gap in recovery; lower numbers of leukocytes means the body is less able to fight off infections
46
Q

what mechanism drive immune cell mobilisation into the peripheral blood?

A
  • exercise increases shear stress, sympathetic drive/ vasoconstriction and adrenaline concentrations that demarginates immune cells to blood
47
Q

what is the response of exercise mechanism driving immune cell mobilisation described as and why?

A
  • not uniform
  • effector immune cells (effector T cells and natural killer cells) prefentially mobilised
  • increased cytokines responsible for highly functionable cells
48
Q

what happens to highly functionable immune cells like effector T cells and natural killer cells after exercise?

A
  • migrate to sites where the body may encounter damage or infections e.g., muscle, lungs, guts, bone marrow
  • t cells in blood decreases in blood after strenuous exercise
49
Q

what does data indicate about the cells that are most sensitive to mobilisation during exercise?

A
  • those most sensitive (effector natural killer cells and T cells) alter their function during the bout of exercise
50
Q

describe the 5 ways cells are mobilised during exercise

A
  • shift metabolism to glycolysis
  • increase cytotoxicity
  • anti- tumour activity
  • antigen binding
  • tissue migration
51
Q

how do metabolic pathways apply to immune cells?

A
  • in a resting T cell (naïve) , the primary pathway used to support cell membrane integrity and movement is mitochondrial respiration
  • upon activation (e.g., virus, bacteria), T cells rely heavily on glycolysis to rapidly provide the ATP they need to move to site of infection, and produce the molecules needed to destroy virus infected cells
52
Q

what does theory suggest about immune system after heavy exercise?

A
  • suggests that immune cell activation may become impaired as the oxygen and nutrient demands of the cell exceed its metabolic capacity
53
Q

what do immune cells require?

A
  • significant amount of energy to respond effectively and initiate an appropriate immune response
54
Q

describe interpretations of moderate vs heavy training loads- where do these come from?

A
  • moderate amount said to enhance immune function
  • some concluded that arduous exercise bouts of intensified training can impair immune function
  • come from acute (single session) and chronic (period of intensified training) exercise studies
55
Q

what are the benefits of moderate exercise?

A
  • more antibodies
  • more immune cells
  • reduced inflammation
  • better function of immune cells
  • better vaccine response
56
Q

what are the implications of heavy exercise on the immune system?

A
  • less antibodies
  • less responsive immune cells
  • reduced number of immune cells
  • reduced function
  • poorer redistribution
57
Q

what are the 7 ways that exercising training promotes maintenance of immune homeostasis ?

A
  • reduced number/ severity of infections
  • increased antibody response to vaccination
  • increased wound healing
  • increased surveillance of cancer cells
  • reduced pro- inflammatory environment surrounding excess adipose tissue
  • reduced chronic systemic inflammation associated with cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological illnesses
  • increased vasculature health and thus immune cell recirculation
58
Q

how is immunity in older age maintained by exercise? (four ways)

A
  • preserves naïve B cells
  • preserves naïve CD4+ T cells
  • preserves naïve CD8+ T cells
  • promotes a favourable cytokine profile that protects the ageing thymus
59
Q

how does physical activity reduce cardiometabolic disease?

A
  • reduces plaque size and macrophage content
  • lowers number of inflammatory cells
  • improved thymus health; naïve T cells, regulatory T cells, inflammatory T cells
  • reduced adipose tissue T cell content

biochemistry (15 decks)

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