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biochemistry > exercise biochemistry in clinical populations > Flashcards

exercise biochemistry in clinical populations Flashcards

1
Q

what does exercise biochemistry in clinical population investigate?

A
  • changes in biochemical reactions during exercise
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2
Q

what is exercise described as?

A
  • physiological stress
  • pulls at the energy end as needs increased ATP
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3
Q

what happens to the metabolic processes if you are physically inactive?

A
  • become less sufficient
  • energy put in (food) blocks up the processes causing diseases
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4
Q

what are metabolic processes affected by?

A
  • factors such as age
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5
Q

what are the three things we assess when looking at someone with a health condition?

A
  • specific cell process
  • organ health
  • whole body health
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6
Q

what are the four factors that are examined?

A
  • function
  • size
  • blood flow
  • cell activity
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7
Q

relate the four factors examined to muscle health

A
  • function= produce contractions
  • size= dependent on response to training
  • blood flow= oxygen and nutrient flow
  • activity = ATP
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8
Q

what is sarcopenia?

A
  • progressive and generalised muscle disorder whereby there is a loss of muscle mass and function
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9
Q

what increases sarcopenia?

A
  • age
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10
Q

what is frailty defined as?

A
  • clinical syndrome in which 3+ of the criteria are present
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11
Q

what are the criteria’s of frailty ? (5)

A
  • un- intentional weight loss
  • self- reported exhaustion
  • weakness (grip strength)
  • slow walking speed
  • low physical activity
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12
Q

what has been frailty been argued to be?

A
  • normal ageing
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13
Q

what does frailty cause high risks for?

A
  • falls, disabilities, hospitalization, and mortality
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14
Q

what are people with frailty considered? what ability does it relate to?

A
  • considered psychologically weak; disease of the brain
  • relates to our ability to move around so can be defined as disease of the muscle
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15
Q

what are the measures of frailty?

A
  • Garmin device
  • blood sample (how responsive vessels were to BP changes)
  • sit to stand test
  • 6- minute walk test
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16
Q

what is the most common test for frailty?

A
  • short physical performance battery
  • handgrip strength, balance, chair stand and gait speed
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17
Q

what else do frailty measures investigate? what question does this raise?

A
  • impact on anxiety, depression, fatigued, motivated and how vital they felt
  • do underlying biochemical changes affect psychological status ?
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18
Q

what is frailty linked to?

A
  • cardiovascular disease, diabetes and dementia
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19
Q

what is the UK biobank?

A
  • large collection of data whereby people have donated their data from studies to a bank so others can access and review data
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20
Q

what risk was found in those with pre- frail and frail compared to non- frail?

A
  • study found a higher risk of dementia in pre- frail and frail individuals> non- frail
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21
Q

By preventing frailty, how many dementia cases could be prevented?

A
  • 9% of dementia cases prevented
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22
Q

what is the harzard ratio?

A
  • measure of an effect of an intervention on an outcome of interest over time
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23
Q

what is the effect of frailty on diabetes?

A
  • associated with incident DM in older community dwellers
  • independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in older DM patients
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24
Q

what is the effect of diabetes on frailty?

A
  • linked to incident frailty
  • predicts transition to higher- frailty level
  • vascular complication of DM & malnutrition lead to functional decline
25
Q

what are the 5 shared pathophysiology between frailty and diabetes?

A
  • sarcopenic obesity
  • hormonal & metabolic changes
  • chronic inflammation
  • oxidative stress
  • mitochondrial dysfunction
26
Q

what happens if the muscle is less able to function?

A
  • muscle becomes less sensitive to glucose
  • so movement is impacted
27
Q

what does mitochondrial dysfunction affect?

A
  • affects respiration so less ATP produced causing oxidated stress
28
Q

what causes oxidated stress? can it be beneficial?

A
  • occurs when oxidation and reduction are no longer in balance
  • oxidative reactions can’t be suppressed
  • can be beneficial to cause adaptations to exercise
29
Q

what can continued oxidated stress cause?

A
  • cell dysfunction
  • this combined with mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation explains many diseases
30
Q

what are biomarkers?

A
  • biological markers that represent changes happening
31
Q

how can you access information using biomarkers?

A
  • from a blood sample
32
Q

what are the most reliable biomarkers?

A
  • stable
  • quick to measure
33
Q

what are common biomarkers? why are these easy to test?

A
  • cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides
  • within particular range in a healthy individual
34
Q

what would be the ideal assessment for dementia? what is the limitation?

A
  • brain biopsy
  • dangerous as may lead to death
35
Q

how is dementia assessed safely ? what is the limitation?

A
  • brain fluid assessed
    limitation= blood brain barrier filters the blood
36
Q

what other assessment may you carry out to assess dementia? linked to spine

A
  • lumbar puncture
  • as brain fluid is exchanged with cerebrospinal fluid
  • invasive
37
Q

what happens if you leave a blood sample on the bench after you’ve taken it into a tube?

A
  • natural clotting process of the blood will cause RBCs to clot at the bottom
38
Q

what happens after the RBCs clot at the bottom?

A
  • tube is left with a serum sample
  • see through
39
Q

what does the sample undergo and what layer forms?

A
  • undergoes centrifugation
  • white blood cells and platelets from a little later between the RBCs and plasma
40
Q

what are biological sample described as? what does this require?

A
  • complex mixtures
  • requires separation techniques to allow the assessment of individual components
41
Q

what do separation techniques rely on? what can they be separated based on?

A
  • rely on using the properties of the separate components
  • separated based on mass and change
42
Q

what are the common separation techniques ?

A
  • spectrophotometry
  • mass spectroscopy
  • chromatography
  • western blotting
43
Q

what is HBA1C? what should the level be below?

A
  • biomarker used to measure average blood glucose levels to assess type 2 diabetes across 2-3 months
  • should be below 42 mmol/ mol
44
Q

what is HBA1C known as? what does this allow?

A
  • known as glycated haemoglobin as sticks to RBCs meaning it is stable and accurate
  • results aren’t affected by factors like eating
45
Q

what is psychosis ?

A
  • severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality
46
Q

when is psychosis mainly diagnosed?

A
  • at the age of 18-25
47
Q

what are positive symptoms?

A
  • symptoms that are added on
    e.g., hallucinations, delusions
48
Q

what are negative symptoms?

A
  • taken away
    e.g., lack of interest/ motivation
49
Q

what are the benefits of intervening during the first episode of psychosis?

A
  • may prevent the development of schizophrenia
  • schizophrenia = complicated mental health problem
50
Q

what is PANSS? what symptoms should be reduced and what should be increased?

A
  • positive and negative symptom score
  • positive reduced (no delusions)
  • negative increased (gain vitality and motivation)
51
Q

what was studied to investigate effect of exercise intensity?

A
  • V02 max and HR max desired to capture people in moderate intensity range around 50-70%
  • imaging used to demonstrate changes in the brain
52
Q

why were levels of metabolic change, cytokines and inflammation studied relating to schizophrenia?

A
  • showed that negative symptoms were much more associated with biochemical markers
  • if individuals is inflamed then their immune system is behaving as if they’ve got an infection
  • controlling inflammation w exercise reduced negative symptoms
53
Q

when are questionnaire measures used?

A
  • used alongside physiological measures to probe if biochemical changes have an effect on quality of life and if interventions affects quality of life
54
Q

what are the 6 domains of functioning covered by WHODAA?

A
  • cognition: understanding & communicating
  • mobility : moving & getting around
  • self- care : hygiene, dressing, eating & staying alone
  • getting along w other people
  • life activities: domestic responsibilities, leisure, work & school
  • participation in community activities
55
Q

what does WHOQUOL assess?

A
  • individuals’ perceptions of their position in life in context of the culture and value systems in relation to goals, expectations, standards and concerns
56
Q

how many settings was WHOQUOL developed in?

A
  • developed in 15 cultural settings
  • tested in 37 settings
  • 29 language versions
57
Q

what is involved in the physical health domain of WHOQUOL?

A
  • mobility, daily activities, functional capacity, energy, pain, sleep
58
Q

what is involved in psychological domain of WHOQUOL?

A
  • self- image, negative thoughts, positive attitudes, self- esteem, learning ability, concentration, religion
59
Q

what does interdisciplinary studies describe?

A
  • how physiology and psychology can help us to understand health and disease

biochemistry (15 decks)

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