Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biochemistry > aerobic and anaerobic metabolism > Flashcards

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

is oxygen the limiting factor when shifting between aerobic and anaerobic?

A
  • oxygen is the limiting factors when shifting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the limiting factor when shifting between aerobic and anaerobic ?

A
  • NAD+ not regenerating quickly enough
  • ETC can not keep up the production of ATP > an ^ in NADH : NAD ratio within the mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is lactate produced and which enzyme is involved?

A
  • produced from pyruvate
  • via lactate dehydrogenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does lactate regenerate?

A
  • regenerate NAD+ which is critical to allow resynthesis of ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does accumulation of lactate within cells cause?

A
  • lowers the pH making it more acidic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is lactate the cause of muscle fatigue?

A
  • not the cause of fatigue
  • although muscle H+ production ^
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does lactate dehydrogenase consume?

A
  • consumes protons thus restoring NAD+ production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does lactate leave muscle fibres?

A
  • down a concentration gradient entering less active muscle fibres in turn reforming pyruvate
  • this is then reoxidised to yield ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is liver glycogen a source of?

A
  • source of energy during exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A
  • during carbon skeletons ; other molecules can be used to synthesise glucose for energy provision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why does lactate enter and where?

A
  • lactate can enter the liver via the blood
  • reform pyruvate which is used in gluconeogenesis and shuttle glucose back to the muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the metabolism of the PCR system?

A
  • 2.6mmol.kg.sec-1
  • 0.7 seconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the metabolism of anaerobic carb?

A
  • 1.5mmol.kg.sec-1
  • 5- 60 seconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the metabolism of aerobic carb?

A
  • 0.5mmol.kg.sec-1
  • > 60 seconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the hydride ion?

A

H-
- when a substrate is oxidised it gives up 2 H atoms passing 1h- ion to NAD+ forming NADH
- other is released as a proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe glycolysis

A
  • anaerobic process occurring in cytosol
  • low energy yield> 2ATP but quickly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does glycolysis form?

A
  • 2 pyruvate and NADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the investment phase

A
  • 2 ATP used to phosphorylase glucose which results in it thermodynamically favouring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the net products of glycolysis?

A
  • forms 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 high energy triose sugars and 2H+
20
Q

what do phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase?

A
  • enzymes that help the process of glycolysis run smoothly
  • regulated through exercise
21
Q

what does exercise do to glycolysis?

A
  • exercise speeds up glycolysis
  • can increase glycolytic rate by 100x
22
Q

how does exercise speed up glycolysis?(4 factors)

A
  • ^ substrate availability; increased glucogenesis favours glycolysis
  • physiological factors; ^ blood flow= ^ glucose flow
  • cellular factors; ^ glucose uptake by glucose transporters
  • molecular factors; allosteric activation of PK + PFK
23
Q

what does allosteric mean?

A
  • alteration of the activity of an enzyme by means of a conformational change induced by another enzyme
24
Q

describe krebs cycle

A
  • aerobic process in matrix of mitochondria
  • low energy yield= 44.8 kcal mol-1
25
Q

what are the net products of krebs cycle?

A
  • ATP, NADH, FADH2
26
Q

what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

A
  • shuttled to the mitochondria and can yield lots of ATP
27
Q

what happens to pyruvate once its moved to the mitochondria?

A
  • pyruvate is oxidised to form acetyl- CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase generating NADH
28
Q

describe the citric acid cycle

A
  • 9 reactions that oxidise acetyl- CoA into carbon dioxide via a series of metabolites that produce NADH + FADH2
29
Q

what does acetyl- CoA react with to produce?

A
  • acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate
  • produces citrate
30
Q

what can be utilised for a high energy yield?

A
  • 6 NADH and FADH2
31
Q

how much pyruvate and acetyl CoA is produced from 1 glucose?

A
  • for each 1 glucose produces 2 pyruvates and 2 acetyl- CoA
32
Q

what happens to the krebs cycle during exercise ?

A
  • upregulated 100x due to changes in key metabolites that modulate key enzymatic steps
33
Q

what happens to free energy as electrons are transferred?

A
  • free energy decreases as electrons are transferred to FADH and NAD+ during glycolysis and KC
34
Q

what is used to fuel ATP synthesis?

A
  • NADH and FADH2 via ETC and OP
35
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • aerobic occurring in mitochondrial intermembrane space and matrix
  • high energy yield > 643 kcal.mol-1
36
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation produce?

A
  • 26 ATP
  • 6 C02
  • 6H20
37
Q

what happens to the hydride ion in the electron transport chain?

A
  • ETC reoxidises reduced coenzymes NADH + FADH2 releasing a hydride ion
  • these are passed down a series of haem proteins embedded in the mitochondrial membrane
38
Q

what do electrons move due to?

A
  • differences in electron affinity
39
Q

what is recycled back to cytosol and mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • NAD+ and FADH
40
Q

what is electron flow through each complex coupled to?

A
  • H+ ejection
41
Q

what is the energy released used for?

A
  • used to pump free protons across the membrane
42
Q

how many protons are ejected per 2 electrons transfer?

A
  • 10 H+ ejected from the mitochondrial matrix per 2e- transferred from NADH to 02
43
Q

where is the ATP synthase located?

A
  • embedded in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane
44
Q

what is ATP synthase directly related to? what is its role?

A
  • supply of ADP and Pi and proton gradient
  • ATP synthase bind ADP + Pi when 4 protons are present yielding 1ATP
45
Q

how many protons and ATPs does 1 NADH produce?

A
  • 10 protons
  • 2.5ATP
46
Q

how many protons and ATPs does 1 FADH produce?

A
  • 6 protons
  • 1.5 ATP
47
Q

what powers the electron transport chain?

A
  • negative change in Gibbs free energy

biochemistry (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions