Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biochemistry > carbohydrate intolerance > Flashcards

carbohydrate intolerance Flashcards

1
Q

what is the range that glucose should be contained in?

A
  • 4 to 7.8mmol/ L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is glucose in the blood essential for?

A
  • provides constant flux of energy to the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can exercise impact?

A
  • significantly impacts plasma glucose levels as liver and muscle metabolism changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does the liver contribute and what does this allow the muscle to do?

A
  • liver breaks down glycogen via glycogenolysis
  • muscle can then take this up by different transporters e.g., GLUT4 to meet ATP demand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the processes controlled by?

A
  • specific hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what hormones increase glucose?

A
  • glucagon, cortisol, adrenaline and growth hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what hormones decrease glucose levels?

A
  • insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe role of glucagon

A
  • helps to increase glucose levels
  • in response to low glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe role of insulin

A
  • helps to decrease glucose levels by up taking glucose into different tissues
  • secreted in response to elevated blood glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are pancreatic islets? how many are there?

A
  • clusters of pancreatic cells
  • 3 million, 2g tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what cells make up the pancreatic islets ?

A
  • alpha, beta, delta and epsilon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what cells produce glucagon?

A
  • alpha cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what cells produce insulin?

A
  • beta cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do pancreatic islets have good blood supply?

A
  • yes
  • good oxygenated blood supply via arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the blood supply allow?

A
  • rapid release of insulin and glucagon into portal vein to control glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the relationship of insulin and glucagon described as?

A
  • anatgonistic hormones
  • work in balance as they go against each other to keep glucose in tight range
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens if glucose levels go down?

A
  • directly sensed by pancreas
  • glucagon secreted by a- cells
  • acts on liver to start breaking down glycogen via glycogen phosphorylase
  • glucose then released into blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when glucose levels go up?

A
  • insulin is released via b- cells
  • glucose taken up by different tissues to clear some glucose from circulation
  • stimulates utilisation of biomolecules (amino acid, glucose) for storage or energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is diabetes?

A
  • main disorder of glucose intolerance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the fasting blood glucose of glucose tolerance measurement? what are you described as and why?

A
  • 4-6 mmol/ L
  • insulin sensitive
  • can respond to dysregulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when is clinical diabetes diagnosed from blood glucose tests?

A
  • if fasting blood test is around 7.0 mmol/ L
  • or random blood test glucose is over 10mmol/ L
21
Q

what is HbA1c and how can this lead to clinical diagnosis?

A
  • glycated haemoglobin
  • diagnosed if > 10%
  • reflects three months glucose so acts as chronic marker
  • measures sugar residues attached to RBCs
21
Q

what else acts as an indication for diabetes diagnosis ?

A
  • glucose in urine present
  • shows kidneys cant regulate the blood due to overwhelming amount of glucose
22
Q

what other test can you use for diabetes diagnosis?

A
  • oral glucose tolerance test
  • person given 75g of glucose in a drink and ability to clear this is measured
  • thresholds recorded for healthy individuals and insulin insensitive individuals
23
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • excessive sweating
  • high levels of fatigue
  • thirsty and hunger
24
Q

what causes diabetes?

A
  • gene- environment interaction
  • genetic predisposition e.g., parents diagnosed before 50 years old
25
Q

what type of disease is Type 1 diabetes? what impairment does it involve?

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • impaired insulin secretion
26
Q

when is type 1 diabetes typically diagnosed? what is detected and what does this cause?

A
  • diagnosed in childhood (14)
  • detect auto antibodies that have developed against pancreas
  • immune cells recruited to destroy B cells and attack kidney
27
Q

what does type 2 diabetes involve?

A
  • impaired sensitivity to insulin
  • pancreas is healthy but body is unable to respond to normal levels of insulin
28
Q

what is altered in type 2 diabetics?

A
  • altered cascade of events leading to GLUT4 transporter
  • levels of glucose in blood becomes too high due to less intake
29
Q

how do you manage diabetes? (3)

A
  • medication
  • diet
  • exercise
30
Q

what are the long term complications?

A
  • retinopathy
  • nephropathy
  • neuropathy
  • stroke
  • cardiovascular disease
30
Q

describe diabetic retinopathy co- morbidity

A
  • circulation issues causes blindness
31
Q

describe diabetic neuropathy co- morbidity

A
  • non- traumatic lower extremity amputation due to problems within nerves
31
Q

describe diabetic nephropathy co- morbidity

A
  • leading cause of renal disease
32
Q

describe stroke as a co- morbidity of diabetes

A
  • 2 to 4 fold increase in CV mortality and stroke
32
Q

describe cardiovascular disease as co- morbidity of diabetes

A
  • 8 out of 10 individuals with diabetes die from CV events
33
Q

what does exercise improve in diabetics?

A
  • blood lipid profile (HDL :LDL)
  • physical fitness/ function
  • endothelial function
  • psychological well- being
  • glycaemic control
34
Q

what does exercise lower in diabetics?

A
  • diabetic complication/ lower mortality rate
  • insulin requirements and improved insulin sensitivity
  • risk of adverse cardiovascular events
  • autoimmunity
35
Q

what is exercise said to preserve? which diabetes type is this more common in?

A
  • preserves beta cell function
  • more common in type 2
36
Q

what does aerobic exercise increase? where was this observed?

A
  • GLUT4 expression in muscle
  • observed in muscle fibres most frequently used i.e., Type 1 fibres
37
Q

what else can exercise improve ?

A
  • insulin sensitivity
38
Q

what is the exercise response dependent on?

A
  • type of exercise
  • carbohydrates consumed
  • insulin injection
39
Q

what increases plasma glucose levels ?

A
  • glucose output
  • glycogenolysis/ gluconeogenesis in liver driven by epinephrine increases
40
Q

what decreases plasma glucose levels?

A
  • decreased by glucose uptake from working muscles
  • mediated by insulin
41
Q

what does brief maximal exercise result in?

A
  • rapidly increases blood glucose as epinephrine stimulation to liver outweighs uptake by muscle
  • up to 10mmol/ L
42
Q

what does prolonged exercise result in?

A
  • lowered plasma glucose levels
  • glycogen depots are depleted overtime
  • as low as 2.5mmol/ L
43
Q

what is hypoglycaemia?

A
  • glucose goes too low
  • causes faintness
44
Q

who needs to be careful when exercising?

A
  • insulin dependent type 1 diabetics
  • can lower glucose levels even more
45
Q

what should type 1 diabetics do before exercise?

A
  • eat before

biochemistry (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions