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biochemistry > nucleic acids; transcription and translation > Flashcards

nucleic acids; transcription and translation Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA?

A
  • ultimate potential of a cell
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2
Q

what is mRNA?

A
  • current direction of a cell
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3
Q

what are proteins?

A
  • functional capabilities of a cell e.g. acts as signalling molecules/ enzymes
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4
Q

what does mRNA allow?

A
  • conversion of DNA into proteins
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5
Q

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids? what do they contain?

A
  • nucleotides
  • sugar, bases and phosphoryl group
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6
Q

describe the sugars in nucleotide

A
  • 5 carbon pentose sugar
  • ribose in RNA
  • deoxyribose in DNA (no OH group on carbon2)
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7
Q

describe the bases in nucleotides

A
  • in DNA= adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine
  • in RNA= adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine
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8
Q

what are the bases that contain one ring called? what bases does this include?

A
  • pyrimidines
  • thymine, cytosine and uracil
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9
Q

what are the bases that contain two rings called? what bases does this include?

A
  • purines
  • adenine and guanine
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10
Q

what does nitrogen 9 of the base bond with?

A
  • carbon one of the sugar
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11
Q

describe the phosphoryl group in nucleotides

A
  • oxygen of the phosphate binds to carbon 5 of sugar
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12
Q

what is the primary structure of nucleic acids

A
  • DNA/RNA are biopolymers of nucleotides
  • nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds between adjacent carbons of deoxyribose sugars (3’ and 5’)
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13
Q

why are nucleic acids slightly acidic?

A
  • due to deprotonation of hydroxyl group at physiological pH
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14
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA= double helix; RNA= single strand
DNA= deoxyribose; RNA= ribose
DNA= thymine; RNA= uracil

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15
Q

what are the complementary base pairings identified by Watson and Crick?

A
  • A-T ( 2 hydrogen bonds)
  • C-G (3 hydrogen bonds)
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16
Q

what are the roles of histone proteins?

A
  • anchor and support DNA to allow dense packaging within cells of chromosomes
  • transference via unzipping both strands and making copies to ensure accurate translation
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17
Q

what is DNA replication?

A
  • important part of the cell cycle that enables division and duplication of genetic material
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18
Q

what is the first step of DNA replication?

A
  • separation of strands via helicase that breaks hydrogen bonds
  • unzip DNA molecule
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19
Q

what is the second step of DNA replication?

A
  • primer binding; small strip of RNA primer kick starts replication process
20
Q

what is the third step of DNA replication?

A
  • elongation
  • DNA polymerase adds complementary base pairs in the 5’ to 3’ direction to build a new DNA molecule that wraps around parental strand
21
Q

what is the fourth step of DNA replication?

A
  • termination involves exonucleases removing the original primers and the bases
  • re-adding them to complete a new DNA double helix
22
Q

how much of the genome is identical? what is the percentage of variation and why?

A
  • 99.9% of genome in humans is identical
  • 0.1% variation due to gradual appearance of mutations
23
Q

what are the two types of mutations?

A
  • bases can be inserted or deleted incorrectly resulting in a changed protein
24
Q

describe Darwin’s theory of evolution

A
  • advantageous mutation forms the basis of this theory as a more efficient property was introduced
  • increased chance of survival
25
Q

what are the three types of RNA and what do they do?

A
  • messenger RNA decodes DNA
  • ribosomal RNA decodes mRNA
  • transfer RNA facilitates protein formation
26
Q

what does transcription involve?

A
  • conversion of DNA into mRNA
  • DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase replicates DNA template to form mRNA primary transcript (3’ -5’)
27
Q

what are promoters?

A
  • DNA region next to transcription site that aids RNA polymerase
28
Q

what are enhancers?

A
  • DNA regions that attract the transcription factor complex proteins
29
Q

what are transcription factors?

A
  • TF complex involves proteins that regulate the rate of mRNA formation
  • (+/-) stimulate
30
Q

how can gene expression be regulated?

A
  • exercise
  • amount and/ or types of cell signals modulates number of mRNA copies
31
Q

what are the three ways the type of cell signals modulate mRNA copies are made?

A
  • regulating promoter and enhancer activity
    -alerting transcription factor activity
  • controlling access of RNA polymerase to the gene
32
Q

what is gene expression governed by?

A
  • signals sent to cells after exercise as he signals produced will result in different regions of the gene being copied hence different mRNA
33
Q

what are examples of how proteins are adapted for different types of exercise?

A
  • PGC- 1alpha4 activated following strength training
  • PGC- 1alpha1 activated following endurance training
34
Q

what does mRNA splicing involve?

A
  • primary mRNA transcript isn’t final mature mRNA as introns need to be spliced in the nucleus
  • remaining exons form mature mRNA
35
Q

what are introns?

A
  • non- coding regions of mRNA
36
Q

how can mRNA transcripts lead to translation of more proteins?

A
  • due to alternate mRNA splicing
  • accounts for different isoforms of proteins e.g. tropomyosin have many diff spliced areas= diff areas spliced in skeletal muscle compared to smooth
37
Q

what does translation involve?

A
  • occurs in ribosomes or endoplasmic reticulum
  • formation of a polypeptide chain from a mature mRNA transcript
38
Q

what does mRNA bind to?

A
  • small subunit of rRNA where it is decoded and a signal sent by ribosomal proteins to the large subunit where translation then begins
39
Q

what is the 3 base sequence on mRNA known as and what is it complementary to?

A
  • codon is complementary to 3 base sequence on tRNA known as anti- codon which binds to large subunit of rRNA holding an amino acid
40
Q

how does the interaction of codon and anti- codon facilitate the polypeptide chain?

A
  • facilitate the formation of a new polypeptide chain via peptide linkages C-N
41
Q

how does the ribosome move along the mRNA transcriptase?

A
  • in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  • forms multiple codon and anti- codon pairings with ‘ charged’ tRNA molecules
42
Q

what bond is formed between each amino acid?

A
  • peptide bond formed between each amino acid carried by tRNA
  • results in a polypeptide chain being formed in opposite direction to mRNA movement
43
Q

how many combinations can be formed?

A
  • 4 base pairs alone could not directly encode 20 amino acids
  • 3 bases on tRNA correspond to a specific amino acid
  • codon sequence on mRNA that attracts anti codon with specific aa
    = 64 combos
44
Q

what happens to the polypeptide chain once it is formed?

A
  • chain formed in cytosol is modified
  • endoplasmic reticulum contains various proteins that fold the protein to form its tertiary structure
45
Q

what happens in the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • govern post- traditional modifications e.g., glycosylation, phosphorylation
46
Q

what does the specific peptide sequence guide them to?

A
  • specific locations
  • cell release e.g. insulin, adrenaline
  • traffic to a specific organelle e.g. nucleus, mitochondria or cell membrane

biochemistry (15 decks)

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