Nursing Research Flashcards
What type of source is preferred in research
primary source
What is a primary source
- factual
- original research from which the data cam
What is secondary source
-created when the primary data are interpreted or analyzed by another person
Institutional review boards
ensure rights, safety, and welfare of human research subjects who are participating in research
-authority to approve or reject research proposals that are submitted to their institution or hospital
Vulnerable populations
- require additional paperwork and consent requirements
- infants and children <18
- pregnant women, fetus
- prisoners
- persons with mental disabilities
- persons who are economically disadvantaged
Belmont report
-report that outlines the important ethical principles that should be followed when performing research involving human subjects
Informed consent of human subjects
-must be informed that they have the right to withdraw from the research study at any time without adverse consequences or penalty
Informed consent components
- describe study, what they should expect to do
- describe risks in present and future
- describe benefits in present and future
- discuss alternatives
- discuss any compensation or reward
- discuss how confidentiality will be maintained
- give number and email for contact
Emancipated minor criteria
- legal court document stating that minor is an emancipated minor
- active duty in US military
- legally binding marriage (or divorced from legally binding marriage)
Who can consent be given to
only individuals >18 years old
What is assent
To agree, but not legally consenting
Child from 7-17 years old can assent but cant
consent
Child participating in research
-parents must consent first and then child can assent with separate assent form
alpha value
-significance level aka p-value
What is p value usually set at
<0.05 or <0.01
What does a significance level of p <0.05 indicate
5% probability that study results are due to chance
What does a significance level of p<0.01 indicate
only a 1% probability that study results are due to chance.
is p<0.01 or p<0.05 better
0.01
control group
subjects that did not receive treatment
N
total size of sample
n
number of subjects in a group
independent variable
-variable being manipulated and used to influence dependent variable
Dependent variable
-result of manipulation of independent variable
Hypothesis
-idea or supposition that can be tested and refuted
Null hypothesis
- H0
- opposite of hypothesis being studied
Normal curve
bell shaped
Median
-number in middle when values are arranged from lowest to highest
Mode
most common value
Range
difference between largest and smallest number
Prospective study
- studies done in present to future
- longitudinal studies are a type of prospective study
- data obtained in present, then periodically measured in future
Retrospective study
- studies done on events that already occurred
- aka ex post facto
Longitudinal study
- follows same group over many years
- no manipulation or intervention
- observational study
cohort
-group of individuals that share some common characteristics
Cross sectional study
-compares differences and similarities between two or more groups of people or phenomena and collects data at one point in time
Case study
-in-depth investigation of a single person, group, or phenomena
Descriptive study
observe and collect pertinent information but do not manipulate or change environment
aka observational study
Correlational study
- type of observational study
- relationship between at least 2 variables is evaluated
what are the three types of correlations
- positive
- negative
- none
Positive correlation
- two variables change together in same direction
- When A increases, B increases
Negative correlation
- increase in one variable results in decrease in other
- when A increases, B decreases
No correlation
- variables not related
- change in A does not affect B
Experimental study important criteria
use of random sampling and random assignment of research subjects
- at least one control group and one or more intervention or treatment group
- causality can be determined
Which experiment allows causality to be determined
Double-blind experimental study
Quasi-experimental
- similar to experimental except there is no randomization of research subjects
- recruitment by convenience sampling
Deductive reasoning
- involves going from general to specific findings
- top down logic
- start with theory (generalization) and narrow down with specific hypothesis (deduction)
Which study type uses deductive reasoning
-quantitative studies
Inductive reasoning
- opposite of deductive
- bottom up logic
- start with specific observations to formulate hypothesis to generate a new theory
What kind of study uses inductive reasoning
-qualitative
Data for qualitative
-words, narratives, subjective opinoins
Data for quantitative
-numerical and measurable data
Statistical testing for qualitative
- interpretation of common themes and patterns
- use limited statistics like chi-squared
Statistical testing for quantitative
- pearson correlation
- paired t-test
- simple/multiple regression
- ANOVA
