Nursing Flashcards
What does SOAP stand for?
Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan
What does HEAP stand for?
History, Examination results, Assessment, Plan
Is a record a legal document?
yes
How can obtaining accurate patient history/information be a challenge?
owner reluctance to talk/too talkative, distracted by worry for pet, children, companion, cell phone, person presenting animal may not be the owner
Why should you follow a consistent order when taking a patient’s history?
to ensure that nothing is missed/overlooked
What is the dose of a drug?
the amount of drug administered at one time to achieve the desired effect
What is the dosage of the drug?
the amount of drug per animal species’ body weight or measure
What is dosage interval?
how frequently the dosage is given
What is dosage regimen?
dosage internal and the dosage together
What is the basic unit of weight measurement in the apocethary system?
grain
What are the two sides of a stethoscope?
diaphragm and bell
Explain the diaphragm side of a stethoscope.
flat side, high frequency sounds, used most often, appropriate for lungs and heart
Explain the bell side of a stethoscope.
cupped, low frequency sounds, not commonly used, may enhance certain cardiac sounds
T or F. All stethoscopes have a bell side and diaphragm side.
False
What does CRT reflect?
cardiac output
What does a complete ocular exam require?
specialized ophthalmic equipment
What internal eye structures can be examined without specialized equipment?
eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, sclera, iris, pupil, lens, anterior chamber
T or F. The nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) is usually not visible or only partially visible.
true
If you have a #3 Bard Parker handle, which size blade is most common to use?
10
If you have a #3 Bard Parker handle, which size blades can be used?
10, 11, 12, 15
If you have a #4 Bard Parker handle, which size blade is most common to use?
20
If you have a #3 Bard Parker handle, which size blades can be used?
20, 21, 22, 23, 25
What do operating scissors look like?
flat upper surface of blades
What are operating scissors used for?
suture, all purpose, tough tissue
What do mayo scissors look like?
blunt ends, heavy blade, triangular cross-section to blade
What are mayo scissors used for?
all purpose, suture, tough tissue
What do metzenbaum scissors look like?
long blades with rounded surface, blunt ends
What are metzenbaum scissors used for?
delicate tissues
What scissors can be B/B, B/S, or S/S?
operating
What scissors can only be S/S?
iris
What do iris scissors look like?
small, s/s tips
What are iris scissors used for?
ophthalmic work, biopsies
What are utility scissors used for?
all purpose, cut drapes
What are bandage scissors used for?
to remove bandages and other dressings
What kind of scissors are used to remove bandages and other dressings?
bandage scissors
What type of bandage scissors have finer blades and straight tines allow placement beneath tightly fitting bandages?
Knowles Bandage Scissors
What do wire cutting scissors do?
cut wire suture
What type of scissors cut wire suture?
wire cutting scissors
What are Littauer stitch scissors used for?
removing sutures in large animals
What type of stitch/suture scissors are used for removing sutures in large animals?
Littauer stitch scissors
What are Spencer stitch scissors used for?
removing sutures in small animals
What type of stitch/suture scissors are used for removing sutures in small animals?
Spencer stitch scissors
What are thumb forceps used for?
to hold and easily release tissue without damage to tissue
What are dressing thumb forceps used for?
to apply and remove dressing
What do Brown-Adson thumb (tissue) forceps look like?
“hour glass” shape handle, alligator teeth tip
What tissue forceps have an hour glass shape handle and alligator teeth tip?
Brown-Adson
What do Adson thumb (tissue) forceps look like?
“hour glass” shape handle, rat teeth tip
What tissue forceps have an hour glass shape handle and rat teeth tip?
Adson
What do rat tooth thumb (tissue) forceps look like?
long, thin handle, rat teeth at tip
What tissue forceps have a long, thin handle with rat teeth at tip?
rat tooth
What do DeBakey thumb (tissue) forceps look like?
long jaws with delicate teeth for reaching and handling vessels in vascular surgery
Do Young-Tongue holding forceps have a curve to the jaws?
yes
Why should you never lock doyen intestinal tissue forceps beyond the 1st ratchet?
can necrose intestinal tissue
What are hemostatic foreceps used for?
to clamp, crush, and hold blood vessels with a self-locking mechanism
What type of towel clamp has a metal bead or “ball stop” attached to the jaws?
Roeder towel clamps
What do periosteal elevators do?
pry periosteum or muscle from bone surface
What do curettes do?
retrieve cancellous bone from medullary cavity to use in bone grafts often used during fracture repair
What are hemostatic forceps used for?
to clamp, crush, and hold blood vessels with a self-locking mechanism
What are ferguson angiotribes used for?
crushing large masses of tissue
What kind of towel clamp looks like thumb forceps?
jones towel clamp
What is the snook spay hook used for?
to expose the horn of the uterus during a spay
A Hohmann retractor is used almost exclusively in what kind of surgery?
orthopedic surgery
What is the Frazier retractor designed to be used in?
spinal laminectomies
What do bone-holding forceps do?
hold bone and bone fragments in alignment while orthopedic implants are applied
What are trephines used for?
to biopsy bone, to drill small holes in skull or sinus
What type of metal used for orthopedic implants are the most resistant to corrosion?
titanium
What type of metals are used for orthopedic implants?
stainless steel alloy, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium
What else are spoon splints called?
mason meta splints
If a dog gets a total hip prosthesis, which parts are replaced?
both the femoral head and acetabulum
When is an arthroscope used?
in horses and dogs for exam and to remove chip fragments and lesions on articular surfaces in joints, visualize sinuses in horses
Can you deliver fluid through an arthroscope?
yes
What does a groove director do?
protect abdominal organs from scalpel during incision
What are contraindications of an enema?
acute abdomen, decreased bowel vitality
What are usually the best solutions to use when doing an enema?
isotonic solutions
What solutions can you use for an enema?
isotonic, hypertonic
Why are fleet enemas popular?
they’re convenient
Fleet enemas are not recommended for which patients?
cats and small dogs
What do fleet enemas do?
phosphate is absorbed causing hypocalceia due to imbalance relative to phosphate. pulls fluid into bowel.
Why do you want to avoid hot water when doing an enema?
cause bleeding and irritate colonic mucosa
When doing an enema, how high should you suspend the bag?
4-5 feet
What should you avoid doing while giving an enema?
rapid injection of large volumes of solution, trapping fluid in rectum, and fast flow in or overloading may cause vomiting
When doing an ID injection, what angle do you go at?
15 degree
When doing a SQ injection, what angle do you go at?
45 degrees
When doing an IM injection, what angle do you go at?
90 degrees
Absorption of a SQ injection is slowed in which patients?
obese
When would you do an ID injection?
to desensitize skin with local anesthetic, to perform allergy skin testing
If doing an IP injection with horses, what is it associated with?
abdominal surgery or placed standing for peritonitis
What does RFID stand for?
radio frequency identification
What can RFIDs be located in?
a microchip, an ear tag, a collar
What kind of automatic identification and data capture can RFIDs have?
ID number, HR, temp
What size needle is used when placing microchips?
12G or 14G needle
What do microchip scanners do?
send out a signal, interact with the microchip, which sends back a signal that is read by the scanner
What are 3 main reasons owners weren’t found despite an animal being microchipped?
- incorrect or disconnected phone number
- owner didn’t return call
- unregistered microchip
Are ranch tags considered an official ID?
mo
What color is the BANGS tag?
orange
What color is the USDA tag?
silver
What ear is the BANGS metal tag placed on?
right ear
What does a BANGS tag mean?
female between 4-12 months was vaccinated for brucellosis
What ear is a cow BANGS tattooed?
right ear
When doing notching on hog ears, what is the right ear used for?
litter number
When doing notching on hog ears, what is the left ear used for?
individual ID within a litter
On a horse lip tattoo, an asterisk at the beginning means what?
the horse was foaled outside of North America
Define titer.
measurement of antibodies in blood
What type of vaccine is associated more with anaphylaxis?
bacterins
What animals are hypersensitive to vaccines?
small dog breeds, white dogs, dogs with a diluted coat color, Old English sheep dogs
What is corneal clouding also called?
blue eye
If a cat has a vaccine reaction, what is the organ of reaction in the cat?
lung
What happens when lungs react to a vaccine in a cat?
they become wet and make breathing difficult
What breeds are more susceptible in cats to vaccine reactions?
Burman, siamese
How can you avoid vaccine reactions in cats?
use monovalent vaccines, give one shot at a time
What eye test should you always do first?
schirmer tear test
How long do you leave the paper in the eye for the schirmer tear test?
one minute
What is the normal distance that gets wet with a tear test?
15-25mm
What is the fluorescein eye stain used for?
to test for defects in surface of corneal epithelium, test for patent nasolacrimal duct
What do tonometers do?
test for intraocular pressure
Intraaocular pressure is elevated in which disease?
glaucoma
What is the normal intraocular pressure in dogs/cats?
10-20 mmHg
What breeds are pre-disposed to glaucoma?
Cocker Spaniel, Poodle, Artic breeds, Beagle, Bassett Hound, Bouvier, Dalmatian, Shar Pei, Chow Chow
What is an example of an applanation tonometer?
tonopen
What do applanation tonometers do?
force to flatten or applanate the cornea
What is an example of a rebound tonometer?
tonovet
What do rebound tonometers do?
force at which a bead bounces off the cornia
What is an example of an indenation tonometer?
Schiotz tonometer
What can cause a faulty increased eye pressure reading?
increased eyelid tension, too much restraint
Animals having trouble breathing often do what?
lean forward and have a wide-based stance
What are five types of wounds?
abrasions, open, penetrating, pressure, surgical
What is usually the first step in wound management?
control of hemorrhage
What kind of fluids/solutions are preferred for lavage?
large volumes of warm, sterile, balanced electrolyte solution
Why would you fill a wound with sterile lube?
to prevent clipped hairs from sticking in wound
How do you achieve best lavage?
35ml syringe and 18G needle
Wound lavage should be discontinued before the takes take on what appearance?
a water logged
The bactericidal effect of povidone-iodine lasts how long?
4-6 hours
Define debridement.
removal of devitalized or necrotic tissue
Debridement should be performed as what kind of procedure?
aspetic
Do drains obliterate dead space?
yes
What is the most common type of drain?
penrose
How long should drains be left in place?
3-5 days
Why would you want to use radiopaque drains?
they’re evident on radiograph
What is healing by first intention?
suturing or grafting a wound soon after injury
What is healing by second intention?
healing by contraction and epithelialization (no sutures placed)
What is healing by third intention?
suture after 3-5 days, take advantage of granulation tissue present
Wounds treated within how many hours is primary closure?
6-8
What are the 3 layers of bandages and what do they do?
- Primary - in contact with the wound
- Secondary - absorbs and cushions
- Tertiary - holds in place
When doing bandaging, you work ___ to ___.
distal to proximal
When bandaging, you wrap ___ to ____ as you look at the outside of the limb.
anterior to posterior
T/F. All wounds are contaminated.
true
What are the four phases of the healing process?
Phase 1 - inflammatory
Phase 2 - debridement
Phase 3 - repair
Phase 4 - maturation
When does phase 1 of healing begin?
immediately after the injury and lasts 0-6 days
In which healing phase does a clot form?
phase 1
When does phase 2 of healing begin?
6 hours after injury, lasts 0-6 days
When does phase 3 of healing begin?
after the blood clot has formed and necrotic tissue and foreign material have been removed (3-5 days after injury) lasts 0-9 days
What is the repair phase characterized by?
increase in wound strength
What factors affect wound healing?
host factors, wound characteristics, external factors
High-velocity projectiles destroy tissue by what?
shock waves or “cavitation”
What do hobbles do?
prevent excessive abduction of hind limbs
What can be quite high prior to an abscess rupturing or opening?
body temperature
What causes a sole abscess?
bruising on the sole from stones
Define caseous.
inspissated or dry pus
One ejaculate =
one breeding
