Anesthesia Flashcards
What is acidosis?
accumulation of acid or depletion of alkaline in blood and body tissues
How can you counteract respiratory acidosis?
administering a “sigh” every 5 minutes
When does severe acidosis occur?
during cardiac arrest
What is alkalosis?
reduced carbon dioxide tension in extracellular fluid caused by excessive excretion of carbon dioxide through lungs
What is alkalosis caused by?
hyperventilation, pain, hypoxia, fever, cardiac arrest
What does alkalosis result in? Why?
apnea, because breathing is stimulated by increased levels of CO2
What is analgesia?
relief from pain
What is anesthetic mortality?
death before full recovery of the patient, death occuring during or within 48 hours of anesthesia being administered
What is the one and only cause of anesthetic death?
anesthetic overdose
What does an antiemetic do?
helps prevent vomiting
How do you monitor for apnea?
eyes, capnograph, respiratory monitor, pulse oximeter
What does assisted ventilation ensures?
that an increased volume of air is delivered to the patient, although the patient initiates each inspiration
What is balanced anesthesia?
the use of more than one drug to achieve the desired anesthetic effect
What is bradycardia?
abnormally slow heart rate resulting in decreased cardiac output
`What are the phases of anesthesia?
patient evaluation, pre-meds, induction, maintenance, recovery
What is hyperventilation?
an increased respiratory rate
What does hyperventilation cause?
hypocapnia
What is hyperventilation usually associated with?
acute anxiety/emotional tension, pain, drugs
What can result from hyperventilation?
alkalosis
What is hypostatic congestion?
pooling of blood in the lungs
When is hypostatic congestion more common?
when animals are positioned in lateral recumbency
How can you prevent hypostatic congestion?
“sighing” the patient, rolling over ever 15 to 30 minutes during recovery
What is hypotension?
inadequate arterial blood pressure (low blood pressure)
What is the most common sign of cardiovascular depression?
hypotension
What is hypothermia?
abnormally low body temperature
What is hypothermia a sign of?
central nervous system and cardiovascular depression
What is hypoventilation?
reduced rate and/or depth of ventilation
What can hypoventilation be due to?
excessive anesthesia levels, alkalosis, narcotics, hypothermia, controlled ventilations set too low in rate and/or tidal volume
What does hypoventilation lead to?
increased arterial carbon dioxide levels indicated by PaCO2 levels about 45 mmHg
What is hypovolemia?
insufficient circulating blood volume
What is hypovolemia often do to?
bleeding problems
What does hypovolemia lead to?
shock and death
How do you prevent and treat hypovolemia?
IV fluids
`What is hypoxemia?
insufficient oxygenation of the blood
Hypoxia is a common sign of what?
pulmonary compromise during AX
What is the most commonly used inhalant AX used in vet med?
isoflurane
Define laryngospasm.
tissues of larynx irritated causing a reflex closure of laryngeal cartilages
What does laryngospasm result in?
blockage of airway
Laryngospasm easily occurs in what species?
cats
When does laryngospasm occur?
rough intubation
What does MAC stand for?
minimum alveolar concentration
Define MAC.
lowest concentration of an anesthetic that is required to prevent a response to painful stimuli in 50% of patients
Low MAC = __ potency
high
Define perfusion.
passage of oxygenated blood through body tissues
Death is a late state of what?
poor perfusion
What are the five common complications of poor perfusion.
hypoventilation, hypoxemia, hypotension, hypovolemia, hypothermia
Define pre-meds.
medications given in advance of general anesthesia
What does solubility coeffiecient do?
provides a measure of the rate of equilibrium between the gas in the alveoli and the blood
If an agent has a high solubility coefficient, what does that mean?
they remain in the alveoli for a longer period of time before dissolving into the tissues and blood. prolonged induction and recovery time
If an agent has a low solubility coefficient, what does that mean?
AX moves from lungs, to blood, to brain faster so animal goes to sleep and wakes up faster
What are the 4 stages of anesthesia?
Stage 1: induction started
Stage 2: excitatory
Stage 3: surgical place
Stage 4: respiratory and cardiac arrest
What is tachypnea?
increase in respiratory rate above normal
What does the gas pressure regulator do?
reduces and stabilizes the pressure of gas exiting the cylinder
If the flow meter is a bobbin type, where do you read from?
top
If the flow meter is a ball type, where do you read from?
middle of ball
If the flow meter is a column type, where do you read from?
top
