Anesthesia

Question 1

What is acidosis?

Answer 1

accumulation of acid or depletion of alkaline in blood and body tissues

Question 2

How can you counteract respiratory acidosis?

Answer 2

administering a “sigh” every 5 minutes

Question 3

When does severe acidosis occur?

Answer 3

during cardiac arrest

Question 4

What is alkalosis?

Answer 4

reduced carbon dioxide tension in extracellular fluid caused by excessive excretion of carbon dioxide through lungs

Question 5

What is alkalosis caused by?

Answer 5

hyperventilation, pain, hypoxia, fever, cardiac arrest

Question 6

What does alkalosis result in? Why?

Answer 6

apnea, because breathing is stimulated by increased levels of CO2

Question 7

What is analgesia?

Answer 7

relief from pain

Question 8

What is anesthetic mortality?

Answer 8

death before full recovery of the patient, death occuring during or within 48 hours of anesthesia being administered

Question 9

What is the one and only cause of anesthetic death?

Answer 9

anesthetic overdose

Question 10

What does an antiemetic do?

Answer 10

helps prevent vomiting

Question 11

How do you monitor for apnea?

Answer 11

eyes, capnograph, respiratory monitor, pulse oximeter

Question 12

What does assisted ventilation ensures?

Answer 12

that an increased volume of air is delivered to the patient, although the patient initiates each inspiration

Question 13

What is balanced anesthesia?

Answer 13

the use of more than one drug to achieve the desired anesthetic effect

Question 14

What is bradycardia?

Answer 14

abnormally slow heart rate resulting in decreased cardiac output

Question 15

`What are the phases of anesthesia?

Answer 15

patient evaluation, pre-meds, induction, maintenance, recovery

Question 16

What is hyperventilation?

Answer 16

an increased respiratory rate

Question 17

What does hyperventilation cause?

Answer 17

hypocapnia

Question 18

What is hyperventilation usually associated with?

Answer 18

acute anxiety/emotional tension, pain, drugs

Question 19

What can result from hyperventilation?

Answer 19

alkalosis

Question 20

What is hypostatic congestion?

Answer 20

pooling of blood in the lungs

Question 21

When is hypostatic congestion more common?

Answer 21

when animals are positioned in lateral recumbency

Question 22

How can you prevent hypostatic congestion?

Answer 22

“sighing” the patient, rolling over ever 15 to 30 minutes during recovery

Question 23

What is hypotension?

Answer 23

inadequate arterial blood pressure (low blood pressure)

Question 24

What is the most common sign of cardiovascular depression?

Answer 24

hypotension

Question 25

What is hypothermia?

Answer 25

abnormally low body temperature

Question 26

What is hypothermia a sign of?

Answer 26

central nervous system and cardiovascular depression

Question 27

What is hypoventilation?

Answer 27

reduced rate and/or depth of ventilation

Question 28

What can hypoventilation be due to?

Answer 28

excessive anesthesia levels, alkalosis, narcotics, hypothermia, controlled ventilations set too low in rate and/or tidal volume

Question 29

What does hypoventilation lead to?

Answer 29

increased arterial carbon dioxide levels indicated by PaCO2 levels about 45 mmHg

Question 30

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 30

insufficient circulating blood volume

Question 31

What is hypovolemia often do to?

Answer 31

bleeding problems

Question 32

What does hypovolemia lead to?

Answer 32

shock and death

Question 33

How do you prevent and treat hypovolemia?

Answer 33

IV fluids

Question 34

`What is hypoxemia?

Answer 34

insufficient oxygenation of the blood

Question 35

Hypoxia is a common sign of what?

Answer 35

pulmonary compromise during AX

Question 36

What is the most commonly used inhalant AX used in vet med?

Answer 36

isoflurane

Question 37

Define laryngospasm.

Answer 37

tissues of larynx irritated causing a reflex closure of laryngeal cartilages

Question 38

What does laryngospasm result in?

Answer 38

blockage of airway

Question 39

Laryngospasm easily occurs in what species?

Answer 39

cats

Question 40

When does laryngospasm occur?

Answer 40

rough intubation

Question 41

What does MAC stand for?

Answer 41

minimum alveolar concentration

Question 42

Define MAC.

Answer 42

lowest concentration of an anesthetic that is required to prevent a response to painful stimuli in 50% of patients

Question 43

Low MAC = __ potency

Answer 43

high

Question 44

Define perfusion.

Answer 44

passage of oxygenated blood through body tissues

Question 45

Death is a late state of what?

Answer 45

poor perfusion

Question 46

What are the five common complications of poor perfusion.

Answer 46

hypoventilation, hypoxemia, hypotension, hypovolemia, hypothermia

Question 47

Define pre-meds.

Answer 47

medications given in advance of general anesthesia

Question 48

What does solubility coeffiecient do?

Answer 48

provides a measure of the rate of equilibrium between the gas in the alveoli and the blood

Question 49

If an agent has a high solubility coefficient, what does that mean?

Answer 49

they remain in the alveoli for a longer period of time before dissolving into the tissues and blood. prolonged induction and recovery time

Question 50

If an agent has a low solubility coefficient, what does that mean?

Answer 50

AX moves from lungs, to blood, to brain faster so animal goes to sleep and wakes up faster

Question 51

What are the 4 stages of anesthesia?

Answer 51

Stage 1: induction started Stage 2: excitatory Stage 3: surgical place Stage 4: respiratory and cardiac arrest

Question 52

What is tachypnea?

Answer 52

increase in respiratory rate above normal

Question 53

What does the gas pressure regulator do?

Answer 53

reduces and stabilizes the pressure of gas exiting the cylinder

Question 54

If the flow meter is a bobbin type, where do you read from?

Answer 54

top

Question 55

If the flow meter is a ball type, where do you read from?

Answer 55

middle of ball

Question 56

If the flow meter is a column type, where do you read from?

Answer 56

top