Hematology Flashcards
What is the most common erythrocyte disorder?
anemia
What are two basic causes of anemia?
loss from body and destruction in body
What causes destruction the the body of RBCs?
hemolysis
What are some tests to detect anemia?
PCV, Hb, RBC morphology
What is regenerative anemia?
the bone marrow is normal and the blood loss is from external/internal trauma, destruction of RBCs in the body
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
acute or chronic blood loss from various causes
What is non-regenerative anemia?
decreased production
What is iron deficiency anemia?
a nutritional deficiency
Which instrument requires EDTA?
HM5
Which instrument helps evaluate organ function?
VetScan
Which instrument can utilize a serum sample?
VetScan
Which instrument counts cells?
HM5
Which instrument requires that the technician runs a “blank” each morning?
HM5
Hematology is the study of __.
blood
What are the “formed” elements of blood?
leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes
The fluid portion of “whole blood” is called what?
plasma
A platelet or thrombocyte is a fragment of what?
megakaryocyte
The specific function of the erythrocyte is to what?
carry oxygen
The fluid portion of clotted blood is?
serum
An anticoagulant is a chemical that what?
prevents clotting
Blood collected from an animal that has not been “fasted” may result in a sample that is what?
lipemic
T/F. One function of blood is to help regulate body temperature.
true
A common type of blood film uses a technique that ___ blood across the base slide?
pushes
The must useful blood films are those that:
A. use freshest blood
B. use clean glass slides
C. heavy rouleaux
D. have adequate monolayer
A, B, D
Blood films are stained to?
assist with identification of cells
What is the procedure of the blood film staining technique?
fix, eosin stain, basic stain, rinse
Anisocytosis is a term used to describe erythrocytes that are of?
variable sizes
The formation of blood begins in the ____ of most adult mammals?
bone marrow
To properly examine and identify blood cells, use the ___ objective on your microscope.
100x
The avian leukocyte most often encountered on a blood film is the “_____”, which is very similar in function to the mammalian neutrophil.
heterophil
Avian blood is very ____.
fragile
From the choices, select the TWO avian leukocytes that may be easily confused with one another.
A) eosinophil
B) basophil
C) neutrophil
D) heterophil
heterophil and basophil
The erythrocytes of both avian and reptilian species are _____.
nucleated
Any agent that elicits an animal’s immune response is called what?
an antigen
Select the two fluid systems that are included in the discussion of the immune system of the body.
A) blood
B) mucus
C) urine
D) lymph
need to look up answer
This cell functions to attract, adhere to, engulf and ingest a foreign body.
phagocyte
Wandering macrophages make their way from place to place by this method.
diapedesis
Azurophils are leukocytes that fight against bacteria in the ____.
reptile
A reticulocyte count will help the veterinarian to determine what?
regenerative anemia
A substance that elicits an immune response is called a/an?
antigen
This cell engulfs and ingests foreign bodies.
macrophage
T cell production is a function of the what?
thymus
T/F. The major function of the lymphocyte B cells to produce antibodies.
true
Select the two fundamental adaptive mechanisms within the immune system.
A) cell mediated
B) humoral
C) vaccination
D) immunoglobulin administration
need to look up answer
T/F. The HM5 does not provide a result for Hb, therefore we use the Hemoglobinometer.
false
T/F. The HM5 does not provide a result for TP.
true
The value for a total leukocyte count is indicated in ___ per mm3, while a value for a total erythrocyte count is indicated in ___ per mm3.
thousands/millions
T/F. Basophils are often common in some lab animal species.
true
A kurloff body is found in this animal species.
guinea pig
T/F. Blood collected by cardiocentesis vs. tail vein in the mouse may differ in value.
true
Inclusion body disease is a deadly problem in this group of animals.
pythons
How do you calculate the safe amount of blood to collect?
.5 ml blood/kg of body weight per week
Can you freeze whole blood?
no
What is the leukocytes overall function?
to provide defense against disease
What are the types of granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
What are the types of agranulocytes?
monocytes, lymphocytes
Where are leukocytes formed?
red bone marrow
What WBC kills bacteria and cleans up dead tissue?
neutrophils
What happens with a neutrophil is full?
it self-destructs, and is carried away in lymph
How long do neutrophils last in circulation?
~10 hours
When do you see an increase in neutrophils?
increase in stress, inflammation, increase in epinephrine
What color do eosinophil granules stain?
red
What is the lifespan of a eosinophil?
less than 20 minutes
What is there an increase of eosinophil with?
parasites and allergies
Which WBC is rare in most species?
basophile
Which WBC contains and produces heparin?
basophil
Basophils are more common in ___ horses.
grey
What are four main causes of of quantitative changes?
inflammation, stress/steroids, exercise/epinephrine, leukemia
Left shift = more ____ neutrophils
band
Right shift = more ____ neutrophils
segmented
What do toxic neutrophils suggest the presence of?
inflammation
What is a ommon cause of neutrophilia with a right shift/
stress/steroids
Why don’t you expect to see a left shift with steroids?
steroids decrease emigration of neutrophils from the vascular system
Monocytosis is expected during diseases that are likely to have what?
a high need for macrophages like (malignant tumors, hemorrhagic or immune-mediated diseases or chronic diseases like tuberculosis)
What do reactive lymphocytes look like?
dark basophilic cytoplasm, larger size or irregular shaped nucleus may be observed but are not diagnostic of a specific problem
How do eosinophils kill parasites?
by attaching to them and forming a digestive vacuole between the eo and the parasite where
Where are RBCs produced?
bone marrow
What is anisocytosis common in?
cattle and young animals
What is a Howell-Jolly body?
remnant of nuclear material
What is a Heinz body?
indicate an oxidative injury to the red cells hemoglobin and are usually associated with anemia
What causes Feline Infectious Anemia?
Micoplasma haemofelis
Feline Infectious Peritonitis has marked what?
lymphopenia
Feline Infectious Peritonitis has anemia in 40% of the cases due to what?
bone marrow depression
What does ethylene glycol poisoning do to the kidneys?
solidifies them
What are 3 major factors of clotting?
vascular factors, thrombocytes, clotting mechanism
What are thrombocytes?
small cytoplasmic fragments from megakaryocytes found in circulating blood
Thrombocytes has a role in what?
aggregating to form a hemostatic plug
How many factors are involved in the clotting mechanism?
12
What is DIC?
condition in which small blood clots develop throughout the bloodstream, blocking small blood vessels and depleting circulating thrombocytes
What are schistocytes?
erythrocyte fragments
What does DIC stand for?
disseminated vascular coagulation
Schistocytes show up in what kind of anemia?
iron deficiency
Cats have a _______ colored basophil.
lighter
What is the most encountered leukocyte in avains?
heterophil
What are the most encountered leukocytes in reptiles?
heterophil and azurophil
T/F. Is avian/reptile blood fragile?
yes
Is blood loss to birds critical?
yes
Is blood loss to reptiles critical?
not up to 10%
What do avian erythrocytes look like?
oval cell with nucleus
What color is the cytoplasm of avian erythrocytes?
light orange/pink
What color are heterophils?
brick-red to orange
Basophils may make up what percentage on a differential in avians?
20%
What color is the cytoplasm in the monocyte in avians?
gray
Cytoplasm may be 50% larger than nucleus in the monocyte of which species?
avian
If reptiles have inclusion body disease, what happens?
can’t sustain life, lots of neurological issues
Define antigen.
any substance that elicits an immune response
What is the antigen-specific part of the immune system?
to recognize and act against particular antigens
What are the two main fluid systems?
blood and lymph
What does lymph look like?
alkaline fluid, clear, transparent
What does the lymph system flow from?
the interstitial fluid through lymphatic vessels
What does the lymph system carry?
lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins
What do lymph nodes serve as?
filters of lymphatic fluid and where antigen is usually presented to the immune system
What are phagocytes?
a cell that attracts, adheres to, engulfs and digests foreign bodies
What are APCs?
antigen presenting cells
What is the function of the thymus?
to produce mature T cells
What is the immunologic filter of the blood?
spleen
Where are B cells activated and produce large amounts of antibodies?
spleen
What is the major function of lymphocyte B-cells?
to produce antibodies
What are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to one particular antigen?
lymphocyte b-cells
What are dendritic cells covered with?
a maze of membranous processes that look like nerve cell dendrites
What are highly efficient antigen presenting cells?
dendritic cells
What are 2 adaptive mechanisms?
cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity
Which adaptive mechanisms sensitizes T cells to recognize antigens?
cell mediated
What is the goal of vaccines?
to promote a primary immune reaction so that when the organism is again exposed, leads to a much stronger secondary immune response will be elicited
What technique is used with a blood film?
push technique
Greyhounds have grey what?
eosinophils
What animal has eosinophils with rod-shaped granules?
cats
What animal is notorious for big thrombocytes?
cats
Define erythrocyte.
red blood cell that transports oxygen, contains hemoglobin
Define reticulocyte.
an immature red blood cell
Define leukocyte.
white blood cell
Define hemopoiesis.
the formation of blood, particularly the cells
Define plasma.
the fluid portion of whole blood
Define serum.
plasma without the clotting factors
Function of platelets.
stop leakage of blood
What is a hemocytometer?
a precision instrument used for counting cells
penia = ______ numbers
decreased
philia = ______ numbers
increased
Hematology is the study of _____.
blood
The “formed” elements of blood are: (choose all that apply)
A) leukocytes B) erythrocytes C) thrombocytes D) plasma E) serium
leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes
The fluid portion of “whole blood” is called:
plasma
A platelet or thrombocyte is a fragment of a:
megakaryocyte
The specific function of the erythrocyte is to:
carry oxygen
The fluid portion of clotted blood is:
serum
An anticoagulant is a chemical that:
prevents clotting
Blood collection from an animal that has not been “fasted”, may result in a sample that is:
lipemic
T/F. One function of blood is to help regulate body temperature.
true
A common type of blood film uses a technique that ____ blood across the base slide.
pushes
The most useful blood films are those that:
A) use freshest blood
B) use clean glass slides
C) heavy rouleaux
D) have adequate monolayer
use freshest blood, use clean glass slides, have adequate monolayer
Blood films are stained to:
assist with identification of cells
The blood film staining technique follows this procedure:
fix, eosin stain, basic stain, rinse
T/F. One the blood film has completed the staining process it cannot be altered or adjusted.
false
Hemolysis of a blood sample means that:
the red cells are broken
The site of choice for blood collection from the cat is:
jugular vein
Anisocytosis is a term used to describe erythrocytes that:
are of variable sizes
Fido, the dog, is coming to the clinic for a HWT and pre-AX work up. He weighs 63 lbs. How much can we take this week?
14cc
The erythrocyte of the domestic dog is described as:
biconcave
To say that a blood sample shows “neutrophilia” means:
the neutrophils are increased in number
Of the choices listed, which is the best anticoagulant for transfusion?
A) heparin
B) edta
C) sodium nitrate
D) ACD
ACD
The use of a wet syringe for blood collection will most certainly result in:
hemolysis
All blood cell types originate from:
stem cells
The formation of blood begins in the ____ of most adult mammals.
bone marrow
Which cell type is considered to be the bloods first line of defense?
neutrophil
When we describe blood cell morphology, we are speaking of:
A) size
B) shape
C) contents
D) function
size, shape, contents
Red blood cells take their color from the presence of ____.
hemoglobin
T/F. An animal’s mental attitude may influence blood test results.
true
Prior to making a blood film, it is important too: (circle all that apply)
A) shake the blood tube to mix it well
B) spin the blood tube to collect the cells
C) gently rock the tube to mix
D) check the color of the plasma before mixing
gently rock the tube to mix, check the color of the plasma before mixing
To properly examine and identify blood cells, use the ____ objective on your microscope.
100X
If blood films are allowed to dry too slowly the result may be:
crenated RBCs
Thrombocytes initiate the ____ and activate ____. (circle all that apply)
A) clotting cascade
B) vasoconstriction
C) clot retraction
D) heparin release
clotting cascade and vasoconstriction
When collecting blood from NCTA kennel animals, it is important to: (circle all that apply)
A) weight animal
B) check animal’s chart for other collections
C) calculate safe amount to collect
D) keep animal calm
all of them
This white blood cell contains granules in the cytoplasm that take up neither the eosin stain nor the basic stain.
neutrophil
White blood cells are divided into these two major groups.
agranulocytes/granulocytes
This white blood cell contains granules in the cytoplasm that take up the basic stain.
basophil
This white blood cell works against parasites and may also be found in increased numbers with allergic reactions.
eosinphil
The “raspberry” cell is a ____ and found in the ____.
eosinophil/horse
The results of a relative count on a differential examination, should be labeled as:
percentage
This white blood cell produces heparin.
basophil
The largest normal white cell type found in periferal blood is the:
monocyte
Cytoplasmic “vacuoles” may help identify what cell?
monocyte
A green top collection tube contains:
heparin
A “tiger top” tube is designed for collection of blood to obtain a ____ sample.
serum
The red cell formation described as a “stack of coins” is called:
rouleaux
A red top blood collection tube contains:
nothing
This cell functions as a part of the body’s long term immune system.
lymphocyte
A “hypersegmented” neutrophil is:
older
This white blood cell has a large solid nucleus, cytoplasm that is easily molded and may be described as amoeboid.
lymphocyte
The most distinctive white blood cell in equine blood is:
eosinophil
The approximate lifespan of a lymphocyte is:
years
This large white blood cell may be found in increased numbers with chronic conditions or necrotic tissue.
look up answer
T/F. Whole blood samples may be stored frozen for long periods of time and still give useful results.
false
T/F. A platelet evaluation can be done by the HM5.
true
The HM5 requires what sample?
whole blood, EDTA
T/F. Thrombocytes have a large dark nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm.
flase
Salem, a cat, weights 5.3 kg. Approximately how much blood can be safely collected from him this week?
2 cc
The “flow chart” is used to follow the individual animal’s hemogram for:
A) anesthesia
B) nursing
C) surgery
D) all of the above
all of the above
T/F. The validity and usefulness of laboratory results can be influenced by many factors that should be understood by the technician so that they may be eliminated or minimized as much as possible
true
T/F. Blood is a type of connective tissue.
true
The “buffy” coat layer of the PCV is composed of;
A) serum
B) plasma
C) white blood cells
D) platelets
white blood cells, platelets
A canine patient has a recorded PCV of 11%. Is this within the normal range?
no
The size (gauge) and length of needle used to collect blood may vary, by should not be smaller than ____.
25 g
An animal with a PCV about the normal value, may be:
dehydrated
From you lap experiences counting a differential “relative” value, an eosinophil result of 15%, would be:
above the normal dog value
The PCV results are recorded as:
a percentage
The flow chart includes which of the following categories? A) CBC and blood chemistries B) fecal examination and EKG C) urinalysis D) all of the above
all of the above
The element that makes it possible for the red blood cell to transport oxygen is:
Hb
T/F. The technician should always note the visual characteristics of the plasma, and include the description on the lap report.
true
The nucleus of a “band” neutrophil has:
parallel sides and rounded ends
Hemoglobin evaluations give information about the status of this cell.
erythrocyte
In most domestic animals, the normal “relative’ value of basophils is:
0
A PCV test is useful in determining the % of ____ in a volume of blood.
erythrocytes
This anticoagulant may create artifacts when the blood sample is used for a differential count.
heparin
T/F. Refrigerated whole blood samples from the equine should be warmed to room temperature prior to making a blood film.
true
A blood sample that has been collected to harvest serum, should be: (circle all that apply)
A) allowed to stand at room temp for approx. 30 minutes
B) be frozen prior to centrifugation
C) should be centrifuged prior to separation
D) can be frozen once separated
A, C, D
before using the HM5 to run samples for the day, the technician should;
run a blank
T/F. The HM5 does not count platelets.
false
T/F. Lipemia may give inaccurate, increased results on some blood tests.
true
T/F. The instrument used to obtain blood chemistries is the:
Vet Scan
The appropriate size EDTA tube to choose for blood collection from a 5.5 lb cat would hold no more than ____ of whole blood.
2 ml
In the normal maturation process of red blood cells, early cells are usually ____ and become progressively ____ as they mature.
larger / smaller
______ is the abnormal clumping of erythrocytes, but ____ describes red cell formation.
hemagglutination / rouleaux
The instrument used to perform the total protein test is called __________.
a refractometer
Increases in the number of monocytes are expected during the course of a diseases that are likely to have a high need for ____.
macrophages
Reticulocytes are:
immature RBCs
Temporary leukocytosis during exercise or stress is common in _____ patients.
A) feline
B) ovine
C) porcine
D) all
all
Hemolytic anemia refers to erythrocytes that are:
being destroyed
Non-regenerative anemia is sometimes due to:
iron deficienc
Anisocytosis of the ___ cell is common in ____.
red / cattle
Red blood cells that are macrocytic may be due to the presence of:
reticulocytes
Is this regenerative or non-regenerative anemia?
iron deficienc
non-regenerative
Is this regenerative or non-regenerative anemia?
blood parasites
regenerative
Is this regenerative or non-regenerative anemia?
hemolysis
regenerative
Is this regenerative or non-regenerative anemia?
reticulocytes
regenerative
Is this regenerative or non-regenerative anemia?
bone marrow defects
non-regenerative
Is this regenerative or non-regenerative anemia?
poisonous plants
regenerative
Equine blood is noted for _____. (circle all that apply).
A) RBC size
B) rouleaux
C) eosinophil
D) anisocytosis
rouleaux and eosinophil
Goat blood is noted for _______. (circle all that apply).
A) RBC size
B) rouleaux
C) eosinophil
D) anisocytosis
RBC size
Bovine blood is noted for _______. (circle all that apply).
A) RBC size
B) rouleaux
C) eosinophil
D) anisocytosis
anisocytosis
Cat blood is noted for _______. (circle all that apply).
A) crenation
B) nrbcs
C) emotional leukocytosis
D) eos with rod-shaped granules
emotional leukocytosis, eos with rod-shaped granules
An abundance of hyper-segmented neutrophils on a differential count indicates:
right shift / old segs
Polychromasia usually refers to the overall picture of:
red blood cells
A “clown nose” on an RBC is called:
a heinz body
The term “anisocytosis” refers to:
a variation in size of RBCs on a differential slide
In which domestic animal is a low platelet count considered normal?
horse
What condition might be indicated by a PCV result lower than normal?
anemia
Which of the following can be used to determine total protein from an EDTA tube?
A) plasma
B) RBCs
C) whole blood
D) serum
plasma
What setting on the centrifuge is used to run a PC?
MCHT
The immature RBC of a mammal contains:
a nucleus
The formation of blood is called __.
hemopoiesis
Anemias are classified by: (circle all that apply)
A) RBC size
B) hemoglobin concentration
C) bone marrow response
D) none of these
A, B, C
Neutrophils are able to enter tissues quickly by a process called _______.
diapedesis
Serum is the fluid portion of _____ blood.
clotted
Eosinophilia would describe a condition where:
eosinophils are increased in numbers
The marginal ear vein is a common blood collection site in the _____.
rabbit
The blood collection tube with the green stopper contains _________.
heparin
T/F. A heparin tube can be used for blood transfusion.
false
In the developmental stages of erythrocytes in hematopoisis, the younger the cells are _____ and the mature cells are _________.
nucleated/non-nucleated
Hemostasis depends on these: (circle what applies)
A) thrombocytes
B) vascular system
C) hemoglobin
D) clotting factors
A, B, D
Alaskan Malamutes with hereditary hemolytic anemia may show ____ morphology of the red cell.
stomatocyte
The feline has ___ shaped granules in the cytoplasm of the eosinophil.
rod
_____ of the red blood cell is common when examining pig blood.
crenaton
T/F. There will be blood value differences between the hot-blooded and the cold-blooded horse.
true
In the horse, there should be no ______ found upon differential examination.
reticulocytes
An animal suffering from malnutrition will likely show a ___ total protein value.
low
To help locate the scale that should be read for a total protein value, you should look for the number ___ on the scale.
7
This anticoagulant may create artifacts when the blood sample is used for a differential count.
heparin
What nutitional problem might decrease bone marrow production of erythrocytes?
low iron
Leukocytes are ___ until called to duty.
non-functional
A platelet estimation is based on ____.
the average number of platelets in 10 FOV
____ help defend the body against pathogens and remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cell
leukocytes
Heinz bodies are round, protruding structures on the erythrocyte representing ____.
denatured hemoglobin
A hemoglobin concentration should be recorded as ____.
grams/deciliter
