Hematology Flashcards by Brooke B

What is the most common erythrocyte disorder?

anemia

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What are two basic causes of anemia?

loss from body and destruction in body

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What causes destruction the the body of RBCs?

hemolysis

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What are some tests to detect anemia?

PCV, Hb, RBC morphology

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What is regenerative anemia?

the bone marrow is normal and the blood loss is from external/internal trauma, destruction of RBCs in the body

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What is hemorrhagic anemia?

acute or chronic blood loss from various causes

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What is non-regenerative anemia?

decreased production

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What is iron deficiency anemia?

a nutritional deficiency

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Which instrument requires EDTA?

HM5

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Which instrument helps evaluate organ function?

VetScan

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Which instrument can utilize a serum sample?

VetScan

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Which instrument counts cells?

HM5

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Which instrument requires that the technician runs a “blank” each morning?

HM5

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Hematology is the study of __.

blood

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What are the “formed” elements of blood?

leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes

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The fluid portion of “whole blood” is called what?

plasma

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A platelet or thrombocyte is a fragment of what?

megakaryocyte

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The specific function of the erythrocyte is to what?

carry oxygen

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The fluid portion of clotted blood is?

serum

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An anticoagulant is a chemical that what?

prevents clotting

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Blood collected from an animal that has not been “fasted” may result in a sample that is what?

lipemic

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T/F. One function of blood is to help regulate body temperature.

true

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A common type of blood film uses a technique that ___ blood across the base slide?

pushes

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The must useful blood films are those that:

A. use freshest blood
B. use clean glass slides
C. heavy rouleaux
D. have adequate monolayer

A, B, D

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Blood films are stained to?

assist with identification of cells

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What is the procedure of the blood film staining technique?

fix, eosin stain, basic stain, rinse

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Anisocytosis is a term used to describe erythrocytes that are of?

variable sizes

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The formation of blood begins in the ____ of most adult mammals?

bone marrow

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To properly examine and identify blood cells, use the ___ objective on your microscope.

100x

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The avian leukocyte most often encountered on a blood film is the “_____”, which is very similar in function to the mammalian neutrophil.

heterophil

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Avian blood is very ____.

fragile

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From the choices, select the TWO avian leukocytes that may be easily confused with one another.

A) eosinophil
B) basophil
C) neutrophil
D) heterophil

heterophil and basophil

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The erythrocytes of both avian and reptilian species are _____.

nucleated

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Any agent that elicits an animal’s immune response is called what?

an antigen

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Select the two fluid systems that are included in the discussion of the immune system of the body.

A) blood
B) mucus
C) urine
D) lymph

need to look up answer

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This cell functions to attract, adhere to, engulf and ingest a foreign body.

phagocyte

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Wandering macrophages make their way from place to place by this method.

diapedesis

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Azurophils are leukocytes that fight against bacteria in the ____.

reptile

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A reticulocyte count will help the veterinarian to determine what?

regenerative anemia

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A substance that elicits an immune response is called a/an?

antigen

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This cell engulfs and ingests foreign bodies.

macrophage

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T cell production is a function of the what?

thymus

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T/F. The major function of the lymphocyte B cells to produce antibodies.

true

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Select the two fundamental adaptive mechanisms within the immune system.

A) cell mediated
B) humoral
C) vaccination
D) immunoglobulin administration

need to look up answer

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T/F. The HM5 does not provide a result for Hb, therefore we use the Hemoglobinometer.

false

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T/F. The HM5 does not provide a result for TP.

true

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The value for a total leukocyte count is indicated in ___ per mm3, while a value for a total erythrocyte count is indicated in ___ per mm3.

thousands/millions

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T/F. Basophils are often common in some lab animal species.

true

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A kurloff body is found in this animal species.

guinea pig

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T/F. Blood collected by cardiocentesis vs. tail vein in the mouse may differ in value.

true

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Inclusion body disease is a deadly problem in this group of animals.

pythons

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How do you calculate the safe amount of blood to collect?

.5 ml blood/kg of body weight per week

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Can you freeze whole blood?

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What is the leukocytes overall function?

to provide defense against disease

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What are the types of granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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What are the types of agranulocytes?

monocytes, lymphocytes

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Where are leukocytes formed?

red bone marrow

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What WBC kills bacteria and cleans up dead tissue?

neutrophils

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What happens with a neutrophil is full?

it self-destructs, and is carried away in lymph

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How long do neutrophils last in circulation?

~10 hours

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When do you see an increase in neutrophils?

increase in stress, inflammation, increase in epinephrine

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What color do eosinophil granules stain?

red

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What is the lifespan of a eosinophil?

less than 20 minutes

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What is there an increase of eosinophil with?

parasites and allergies

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Which WBC is rare in most species?

basophile

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Which WBC contains and produces heparin?

basophil

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Basophils are more common in ___ horses.

grey

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What are four main causes of of quantitative changes?

inflammation, stress/steroids, exercise/epinephrine, leukemia

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Left shift = more ____ neutrophils

band

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Right shift = more ____ neutrophils

segmented

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What do toxic neutrophils suggest the presence of?

inflammation

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What is a ommon cause of neutrophilia with a right shift/

stress/steroids

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Why don’t you expect to see a left shift with steroids?

steroids decrease emigration of neutrophils from the vascular system

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Monocytosis is expected during diseases that are likely to have what?

a high need for macrophages like (malignant tumors, hemorrhagic or immune-mediated diseases or chronic diseases like tuberculosis)

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What do reactive lymphocytes look like?

dark basophilic cytoplasm, larger size or irregular shaped nucleus may be observed but are not diagnostic of a specific problem

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How do eosinophils kill parasites?

by attaching to them and forming a digestive vacuole between the eo and the parasite where

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Where are RBCs produced?

bone marrow

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What is anisocytosis common in?

cattle and young animals

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What is a Howell-Jolly body?

remnant of nuclear material

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What is a Heinz body?

indicate an oxidative injury to the red cells hemoglobin and are usually associated with anemia

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What causes Feline Infectious Anemia?

Micoplasma haemofelis

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Feline Infectious Peritonitis has marked what?

lymphopenia

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Feline Infectious Peritonitis has anemia in 40% of the cases due to what?

bone marrow depression

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What does ethylene glycol poisoning do to the kidneys?

solidifies them

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What are 3 major factors of clotting?

vascular factors, thrombocytes, clotting mechanism

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What are thrombocytes?

small cytoplasmic fragments from megakaryocytes found in circulating blood

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Thrombocytes has a role in what?

aggregating to form a hemostatic plug

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How many factors are involved in the clotting mechanism?

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What is DIC?

condition in which small blood clots develop throughout the bloodstream, blocking small blood vessels and depleting circulating thrombocytes

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What are schistocytes?

erythrocyte fragments

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What does DIC stand for?

disseminated vascular coagulation

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Schistocytes show up in what kind of anemia?

iron deficiency

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Cats have a _______ colored basophil.

lighter

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What is the most encountered leukocyte in avains?

heterophil

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What are the most encountered leukocytes in reptiles?

heterophil and azurophil

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T/F. Is avian/reptile blood fragile?

yes

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Is blood loss to birds critical?

yes

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Is blood loss to reptiles critical?

not up to 10%

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What do avian erythrocytes look like?

oval cell with nucleus

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What color is the cytoplasm of avian erythrocytes?

light orange/pink

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What color are heterophils?

brick-red to orange

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Basophils may make up what percentage on a differential in avians?

20%

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What color is the cytoplasm in the monocyte in avians?

gray

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Cytoplasm may be 50% larger than nucleus in the monocyte of which species?

avian

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If reptiles have inclusion body disease, what happens?

can’t sustain life, lots of neurological issues

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Define antigen.

any substance that elicits an immune response

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What is the antigen-specific part of the immune system?

to recognize and act against particular antigens

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What are the two main fluid systems?

blood and lymph

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What does lymph look like?

alkaline fluid, clear, transparent

What does the lymph system flow from?

the interstitial fluid through lymphatic vessels

What does the lymph system carry?

lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins

What do lymph nodes serve as?

filters of lymphatic fluid and where antigen is usually presented to the immune system

What are phagocytes?

a cell that attracts, adheres to, engulfs and digests foreign bodies

What are APCs?

antigen presenting cells

What is the function of the thymus?

to produce mature T cells

What is the immunologic filter of the blood?

spleen

Where are B cells activated and produce large amounts of antibodies?

spleen

What is the major function of lymphocyte B-cells?

to produce antibodies

What are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to one particular antigen?

lymphocyte b-cells

What are dendritic cells covered with?

a maze of membranous processes that look like nerve cell dendrites

What are highly efficient antigen presenting cells?

dendritic cells

What are 2 adaptive mechanisms?

cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity

Which adaptive mechanisms sensitizes T cells to recognize antigens?

cell mediated

What is the goal of vaccines?

to promote a primary immune reaction so that when the organism is again exposed, leads to a much stronger secondary immune response will be elicited

What technique is used with a blood film?

push technique

Greyhounds have grey what?

eosinophils

What animal has eosinophils with rod-shaped granules?

cats

What animal is notorious for big thrombocytes?

cats

Define erythrocyte.

red blood cell that transports oxygen, contains hemoglobin

Define reticulocyte.

an immature red blood cell

Define leukocyte.

white blood cell

Define hemopoiesis.

the formation of blood, particularly the cells

Define plasma.

the fluid portion of whole blood

Define serum.

plasma without the clotting factors

Function of platelets.

stop leakage of blood

What is a hemocytometer?

a precision instrument used for counting cells

penia = ______ numbers

decreased

philia = ______ numbers

increased

Hematology is the study of _____.

blood

The “formed” elements of blood are: (choose all that apply)

A) leukocytes
B) erythrocytes
C) thrombocytes
D) plasma
E) serium

leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes

The fluid portion of “whole blood” is called:

plasma

A platelet or thrombocyte is a fragment of a:

megakaryocyte

The specific function of the erythrocyte is to:

carry oxygen

The fluid portion of clotted blood is:

serum

An anticoagulant is a chemical that:

prevents clotting

Blood collection from an animal that has not been “fasted”, may result in a sample that is:

lipemic

T/F. One function of blood is to help regulate body temperature.

true

A common type of blood film uses a technique that ____ blood across the base slide.

pushes

The most useful blood films are those that:

A) use freshest blood
B) use clean glass slides
C) heavy rouleaux
D) have adequate monolayer

use freshest blood, use clean glass slides, have adequate monolayer

Blood films are stained to:

assist with identification of cells

The blood film staining technique follows this procedure:

fix, eosin stain, basic stain, rinse

T/F. One the blood film has completed the staining process it cannot be altered or adjusted.

false

Hemolysis of a blood sample means that:

the red cells are broken

The site of choice for blood collection from the cat is:

jugular vein

Anisocytosis is a term used to describe erythrocytes that:

are of variable sizes

Fido, the dog, is coming to the clinic for a HWT and pre-AX work up. He weighs 63 lbs. How much can we take this week?

14cc

The erythrocyte of the domestic dog is described as:

biconcave

To say that a blood sample shows “neutrophilia” means:

the neutrophils are increased in number

Of the choices listed, which is the best anticoagulant for transfusion?

A) heparin
B) edta
C) sodium nitrate
D) ACD

ACD

The use of a wet syringe for blood collection will most certainly result in:

hemolysis

All blood cell types originate from:

stem cells

The formation of blood begins in the ____ of most adult mammals.

bone marrow

Which cell type is considered to be the bloods first line of defense?

neutrophil

When we describe blood cell morphology, we are speaking of:

A) size
B) shape
C) contents
D) function

size, shape, contents

Red blood cells take their color from the presence of ____.

hemoglobin

T/F. An animal’s mental attitude may influence blood test results.

true

Prior to making a blood film, it is important too: (circle all that apply)

A) shake the blood tube to mix it well
B) spin the blood tube to collect the cells
C) gently rock the tube to mix
D) check the color of the plasma before mixing

gently rock the tube to mix, check the color of the plasma before mixing

To properly examine and identify blood cells, use the ____ objective on your microscope.

100X

If blood films are allowed to dry too slowly the result may be:

crenated RBCs

Thrombocytes initiate the ____ and activate ____. (circle all that apply)

A) clotting cascade
B) vasoconstriction
C) clot retraction
D) heparin release

clotting cascade and vasoconstriction

When collecting blood from NCTA kennel animals, it is important to: (circle all that apply)

A) weight animal
B) check animal’s chart for other collections
C) calculate safe amount to collect
D) keep animal calm

all of them

This white blood cell contains granules in the cytoplasm that take up neither the eosin stain nor the basic stain.

neutrophil

White blood cells are divided into these two major groups.

agranulocytes/granulocytes

This white blood cell contains granules in the cytoplasm that take up the basic stain.

basophil

This white blood cell works against parasites and may also be found in increased numbers with allergic reactions.

eosinphil

The “raspberry” cell is a ____ and found in the ____.

eosinophil/horse

The results of a relative count on a differential examination, should be labeled as:

percentage

This white blood cell produces heparin.

basophil

The largest normal white cell type found in periferal blood is the:

monocyte

Cytoplasmic “vacuoles” may help identify what cell?

monocyte

A green top collection tube contains:

heparin

A “tiger top” tube is designed for collection of blood to obtain a ____ sample.

serum

The red cell formation described as a “stack of coins” is called:

rouleaux

A red top blood collection tube contains:

nothing

This cell functions as a part of the body’s long term immune system.

lymphocyte

A “hypersegmented” neutrophil is:

older

This white blood cell has a large solid nucleus, cytoplasm that is easily molded and may be described as amoeboid.

lymphocyte

The most distinctive white blood cell in equine blood is:

eosinophil

The approximate lifespan of a lymphocyte is:

years

This large white blood cell may be found in increased numbers with chronic conditions or necrotic tissue.

look up answer

T/F. Whole blood samples may be stored frozen for long periods of time and still give useful results.

false

T/F. A platelet evaluation can be done by the HM5.

true

The HM5 requires what sample?

whole blood, EDTA

T/F. Thrombocytes have a large dark nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm.

flase

Salem, a cat, weights 5.3 kg. Approximately how much blood can be safely collected from him this week?

2 cc

The “flow chart” is used to follow the individual animal’s hemogram for:

A) anesthesia
B) nursing
C) surgery
D) all of the above

all of the above

T/F. The validity and usefulness of laboratory results can be influenced by many factors that should be understood by the technician so that they may be eliminated or minimized as much as possible

true

T/F. Blood is a type of connective tissue.

true

The “buffy” coat layer of the PCV is composed of;

A) serum
B) plasma
C) white blood cells
D) platelets

white blood cells, platelets

A canine patient has a recorded PCV of 11%. Is this within the normal range?

The size (gauge) and length of needle used to collect blood may vary, by should not be smaller than ____.

25 g

An animal with a PCV about the normal value, may be:

dehydrated

From you lap experiences counting a differential “relative” value, an eosinophil result of 15%, would be:

above the normal dog value

The PCV results are recorded as:

a percentage

The flow chart includes which of the following categories?
A) CBC and blood chemistries
B) fecal examination and EKG
C) urinalysis
D) all of the above

all of the above

The element that makes it possible for the red blood cell to transport oxygen is:

T/F. The technician should always note the visual characteristics of the plasma, and include the description on the lap report.

true

The nucleus of a “band” neutrophil has:

parallel sides and rounded ends

Hemoglobin evaluations give information about the status of this cell.

erythrocyte

In most domestic animals, the normal “relative’ value of basophils is:

A PCV test is useful in determining the % of ____ in a volume of blood.

erythrocytes

This anticoagulant may create artifacts when the blood sample is used for a differential count.

heparin

T/F. Refrigerated whole blood samples from the equine should be warmed to room temperature prior to making a blood film.

true

A blood sample that has been collected to harvest serum, should be: (circle all that apply)

A) allowed to stand at room temp for approx. 30 minutes
B) be frozen prior to centrifugation
C) should be centrifuged prior to separation
D) can be frozen once separated

A, C, D

before using the HM5 to run samples for the day, the technician should;

run a blank

T/F. The HM5 does not count platelets.

false

T/F. Lipemia may give inaccurate, increased results on some blood tests.

true

T/F. The instrument used to obtain blood chemistries is the:

Vet Scan

The appropriate size EDTA tube to choose for blood collection from a 5.5 lb cat would hold no more than ____ of whole blood.

2 ml

In the normal maturation process of red blood cells, early cells are usually ____ and become progressively ____ as they mature.

larger / smaller

______ is the abnormal clumping of erythrocytes, but ____ describes red cell formation.

hemagglutination / rouleaux

The instrument used to perform the total protein test is called __________.

a refractometer

Increases in the number of monocytes are expected during the course of a diseases that are likely to have a high need for ____.

macrophages

Reticulocytes are:

immature RBCs

Temporary leukocytosis during exercise or stress is common in _____ patients.

A) feline
B) ovine
C) porcine
D) all

all

Hemolytic anemia refers to erythrocytes that are:

being destroyed

Non-regenerative anemia is sometimes due to:

iron deficienc

Anisocytosis of the ___ cell is common in ____.

red / cattle

Red blood cells that are macrocytic may be due to the presence of:

reticulocytes