Clinical Pathology Flashcards
More than ___ of the glomeruli of both kidneys must be non-functional before serum chemistry changes occur.
70%
What is creatinine?
byproduct of muscle metabolism, and filtered out almost entirely by glomeruli
When do you see an increase of creatinine?
with a lock of functional glomeruli in the kidneys
What does BUN stand for?
blood urea nitrogen
What is BUN?
end product of protein metabolism
BUN is excreted primarily by what?
kidneys
What does serum amylase do?
breaks down starches and glycogen
What does serum lipase do?
breaks down long chain of fatty acids
What can an increase in bilirubin cause?
jaundice
What is ALT?
liver cells breaking down (alanine amino transferase)
What is AP?
alkaline phosphatase, cancer/liver in dog
Urine is ___ water.
95%
If you want to preserve urine, it’s _ drop of ___ formalin in 1 oz urine.
1, 40%
What is the function of the kidney?
A) filtration and elimination of metabolic waste
B) regulation of water and electrolyte balance
C) conservation of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids
D) all of the above
all of the above
Glycosuria usually is a sign of which kidney disease?
diabetes mellitus
What cells are seen in higher quantities when urine is collected through a catheter?
epithelial transitional
Which of the following crystals tend to be found in acidic urine?
A) amorphous urates
B) calcium oxalates
C) struvite
D) calcium carbonate
amorphous urates and calcium oxalates
Why is normal fresh equine urine cloudy?
mucus and calcium carbonate cyrstals
What do virulence factors help bacteria to do?
invade the host, cause disease, evade host defenses
What are invasion factors?
surface components that allow the bacterium to invade host cells can be encoded on plasmids
What are siderophores?
iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron
Define bacteriology.
the study of bacteria
Define virology.
the study of non-cellular organisms called viruses
Mycology.
the study of fungi
Define protozoology.
the study of protozoa
Define algology.
the study of algae
Where do heterotrophics obtain energy from?
an organic source
Where do autotrophs get energy from?
an inorganic source
What is the most common source of energy for bacteria?
glucose
Most bacteria require about _____ moisture in the medium to grow.7-10%
7-10%
Lipids are only utilized by a few what?
bacteria
Microaerophilic.
grow best at O2 levels less than air
What is the optimum pH for most pathogenic bacteria?
6.5-7.5
How do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
Of the epithelial cells that may be present in urine sediment, which is the smallest?
renal
This crystal is most likely to be found in alkaline urine.
A) uric acid
B) cystine
C) leucine
D) triple phosphate
triple phosphate
Casts found upon urinalysis are formed in the ___.
renal tubules
Uroliths or calculi are composed of various ____.
minerals
Creatine is a byproduct of:
muscle metabolism
T/F. Some chemistry results may be altered by hemolysis.
true
Once the Abaxis “rotors” have been removed from the foil packets they must be used within the next ____.
15 minutes
Upon testing, the dog’s PCV was found to be below normal value. This would indicate a deficit in the ____.
red cell volume
Red cell parasites would commonly contribute to a condition of _______ anemia.
regenerative
T/F. Blood coagulation is a relatively simple process. As long as platelets are available in normal values, the animal’s blood will clot in a timely manner.
false
T/F. A lipemic serum sample may falsely lower some test results.
true
ALT or AST. If you could only run one test for determining liver function, which would be most helpful?
ALT
Blood cell “indices” are useful calculations in situations of ____.
anemia
A ____ count is helpful when assessing bone marrow response for erythrocyte production.
reticulocyte
When a blood urea nitrogen test is ordered, the veterinarian wants to evaluate ____ function.
kidney
A sweet or fruity odor associated with a urine sample might indicate ____.
ketones
The specific gravity of polyuric animals tends to be ___.
low
An animal that is polyuric and polydipsic may have this disease.
diabetes
Hepatic disease or bile duct obstruction may elevate _____ levels.
bilirubin
Small numbers of _______ cells are normally present in voided urine.
transitional
What is the normal range for urine pH in a canine?
5.5-7.5
T/F. PT results using the VSPro give value to the intrinsic elements of coagulation.
false
Oil droplets found upon microscopic examination of urine may be due to ___.
a lubricated catheter
During which stage of the estrus cycle of the bitch is the owner most likely to detect the dog is in heat?
proestrust
This leukocyte may be elevated in number when an animal has parasites.
eosinophil
This leukocyte may be elevated in number with a chronic condition like TB.
monocyte
This leukocyte may be elevated in number with inflammation or infection.
neutrophil
The high dry objective on our microscopes have a total magnification of ___X normal size.
400
To grade as “very good” a bull must meet the criteria of no more than ____ primary abnormalties.
10
Sperm morphology considered abnormalities of the ___ as primary.
A) head
B) midpiece
C) tail
D) all of the above
all of the above
T/F. Bull sperm morphology must be evaluated on 10X.
false
T/F. The “InPouch TF” test is specific for T. foetus in cattle.
false
T/F. “Trich” is a reportable disease.
true
Why is testing of bulls greater than 4 years of age more difficult?
organisms harbored in penile crypts
