Large Animal Flashcards
What is a male donkey called?
jack
What is a female donkey called?
jenny or jennet
What are donkeys bred and used for?
mostly bred and used for packing/work or pets
What is a mule?
a cross between a female horse and a male donkey
What is a hinny?
cross between a male horse and a female donkey
What is a cross between a male horse and a female donkey called?
hinny
What is a cross between a female horse and a male donkey?
mule
What is a male mule called?
john mule
What is a female mule called?
molly
How many chromosomes do horses have?
64
How many chromosomes do donkeys have?
62
How many chromosomes do mules have?
63
What is the true knee in a horse?
stifle
Define gait.
an equine’s way of going or moving its legs during movement
Define beat.
the time a foot or two feet simultaneously hit the gruound
Define step.
the distance between the imprints of the two front legs or the two hind legs
Define stride.
the distance between successive imprints of the same foot
Define directness.
trueness is the line in which the foot is carried forward during the stride
Define spring.
the manner in which weight settles back on the supporting leg at the completion of the stride
Define balance.
the ability of the equine to coordinate action, go composed and in form
How many phases does a stride have?
2
What are the two phases of a stride?
- stride stance is the weight bearing phase
2. stride suspension or swing is the non-weight bearing phase
What is the speed of a horse affected by?
length of stride, rapidity or frequency of stride and overlap time
What is overlap time?
the time on the ground versus the time off the ground
What is the walk in a horse?
a slow, even, four-beat gait
What is the sequence of the walk?
left hind, left fore, right hind, right fore
What is the trot in a horse?
two-beat gait where the diagonal fore and hind legs act together
In the trot, there’s a period of suspension when what?
all four feet are off the ground occurs between each beat
What is the canter in a horse?
a 3-beat collected gait where the equine carries more weight on its haunches or rear quarter
What is the sequence of a canter?
right rear hoof, then left rear and right front striking the ground togehter, and then left front hoof
What is the gallop in a horse?
fast, four-beat gait
What is the sequence of a gallop?
one hind foot, then the other hind foot, then the diagonal forefoot followed by the remaining forefoot
Is there a period of suspension in the gallop?
yes
What is the pace in a horse?
a two-beat, lateral gait used for speed
What is the stepping pace in a horse?
a show gait that uses a lateral, four-beat gait where the front food on the right is followed by the hind foot on the right
What is the rack in a horse?
an even, fast four-beat lateral gait
What is the rack hard on a horse?
hard on the forelegs due to increased amount of concussion from the excessive leg movement
What is the running walk in a horse?
fast walk of a Tennessee walking horse, where the horse travels with a gliding motion as a result of extending its hind leg forward to overstep the forefoot print
What are the two groups of cattle?
Bos Indicus and Bos Taurus
Describe Bos Indicus cattle.
heat tolerant, increased parasite and disease tolerance, improved production in subtropical climates, american influenced
Describe Bos Taurus cattle.
Maternal and/or terminal breeds, european/british, positive carcass traits (marbling, tenderness, yield), excellent production in temperate climates
What are some examples of British breeds?
Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Shorthorn, Red Angus
Where did the Angus originate from?
Scotland
What color are Angus cattle?
solid black
What are Angus cattle known for/
good marbling
What cow breeds are naturally polled?
Angus, Polled Hereford
Where did the Hereford originate?
Hereford, England
Are Herefords horned?
yes
What is the coloring of the Hereford?
red with white head, legs, and underline
What breed of cattle is known as the “mothering” breed?
Hereford
Are Herefords early maturing?
yes
Where did the polled Hereford originate?
Iowa, by Warren Gammon
Where did Shorthorns originate?
England
What color are Shorthorn cattle?
red, red and white, or roan in color
What were Shorthorns originally used for?
as a dual purpose breed for meat and milk
What are Shorthorns sometimes also called?
Durham breed
Where did the Red Angus originate?
the British Isles
What breed is barred from the Angus herdbook?
Red Angus
Are red Angus a separate breed?
yes
What are examples of exotic (european/continental) breeds?
Maine-Anjou, Simmental, Limousin, Charolais, Chianana
Where did the Maine Anjou originate?
France
What coloring is the Maine-Anjou cattle?
dark red with white markings or black
How were the Maine Anjou cattle developed?
by crossing the Mancelle breed with the Shorthorn breed
Where did Simmental cattle originate?
Switzerland
What is the oldest breed of cattle in the world?
Simmental
When were Simmentals brought to the United States?
1971
What color are Simmental cattle?
orange/yellow and white to black in color
Where are Limousin cattle native to?
South-Central France
What color are Limousin cattle?
golden red to red brown in color
Where did Charolais cattle originate?
France
What do Charolais cattle look like?
white in color, long bodied, large, heavily muscled, coarse looking
What are examples of American breeds?
Brahman, Brangus, Santa Gertrudis, Simbrah, Beefmaster
Where did Brahman cattle originate?
India
Which breed of cattle has excess skin and large hump on back?
Brahman
What color are Brahman cattle?
white to gray, red to black
What breed of cattle are able to survive on very little and poor feed, and insect and heat resistant.
Brahman
What kind of cattle has sweat glands?
Brahman
Where were the Santa Gertrudis cattle developed?
King ranch in Texas
All Santa Gertrudis are descendants of what bull?
Monkey
How were Santa Gertrudis cattle created?
by crossing shorthorn cows and Brahman bulls
What percentage Brahman and Shorthorn are Santa Gertrudis?
3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Shorthorn
Where did Brangus cattle originate?
the United States
What percentage Brahman and Angus are Brangus?
3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
What color are Brangus cattle?
black
Are Brangus polled?
yes
Where were Simbrah cattle originated?
United States
What breeds were used in creating the Simbrah cattle?
Brahman and Simmental
What percentage Brahman and Simmental are Simbrah?
3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Simmental
What color are Simbrah cattle?
light to dark red with some white marks
Where was the Beefmaster originated?
United States
What breeds of cattle make up the Beefmaster?
Brahman, Hereford, Shorthorn
What percentage Brahman and Hereford and Shorthorn are Beefmasters?
1/2 Brahman, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Shorthorn
Cash receipts from beef products account for nearly ___ of all agricultural receipts.
19%
Cortez brought cattle to Mexico when?
1519
Who brought the first cattle to the Western Hemisphere in 1493?
Christopher Columbus
With a general physical exam, a systematic method is what?
essential for ensuring a complete examination
In horses, why would you palpate the intramandibular space?
submandibular lymphadenopathy
In horses, the retropharyngeal lymph nodes are not readily ____ in the normal animal but may be if ____.
readily, enlarged
In horses, where is the facial artery palpated?
the ventral aspect of the mandible
What is frequently palpable in older horses and should not be confused for a lymph node?
thyroid gland
Can all 4 heart sounds be heard in horses?
in many horses
What is the normal resting heart rate of a horse?
28-42 bpm
What is the normal respiratory rate in an adult horse?
8-16 breaths/minutes
In horses, why is a gastrointestinal physical exam usually done?
in cases of suspected colic
What does colic mean?
abdominal pain
Borborgymus is a good indication of what?
gastrointestinal motility
What is the most advantageous gait for a lameness exam?
the trot
What is grade one lameness?
lameness isn’t recognizable at the walk, but is evident at the trot
What is grade 2 lameness?
lameness is barely perceptible in the walk, very apparent at the trot
What is grade 3 lameness?
lameness apparent at both the walk and the trot
What is grade 4 lameness?
horse will not place the foot completely flat during weight bearing
What is grade 5 lameness?
nonweight-bearing lameness
With a lame horse, when does the head bob up?
when the horse is stepping on the unsound leg/hoof
Where is a palmar digital nerve block done?
pastern joint or below
What does a palmar digital nerve block block?
palmar/plantar and distal parts of the hoof, P3, termination of the deep digital flexor and most of the coffin joint
Where is an abaxial sesamoid block done?
on the abaxial surface of the base of the proximal sesamoids
What does an abaxial sesamoid block block?
the entire digit distal to the fetlock except some areas of skin
Where is a low palmar/planter block done?
the distal ends of the metacarpal bones
What does a low palmar/plantar block block?
fetlock joint, sesamoids, sesamoid ligaments
Where is a high palmar/plantar block done?
the proximal metacarpal region, just distal to the carpus/tarsus
What does a high palmar/plantar block block?
the entire digit and most of the palmar/plantar side of the metacarpal bones
Where is a peroneal and tibial nerve block is proximal to the hock?
10cm proximal to the top of the tuber calcis on the medial aspect and about 10 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus for the superficial and deep peroneal nerves
What does a peroneal and tibial nerve block block?
blocks deep sensation from the hock and structures distal to it
Where are intraarticular blocks done?
most any joints
What kind of injections can you give to horses?
IM or IV
The walk is a __ beat gait.
4
What is a mare?
adult female horse
What is a gelding?
castrated adult male horse
What is a stallion?
castrated adult male horse
What is a pony?
a full-grown small horse (14.2 hands and under)
How old is an adult considered in horses?
3
What is a foal?
a newborn baby horse (before weaning!)
What is a weanling?
a colt/filly that is 6-12 months old
What is a yearling?
a horse between 1 and 2 years old
What is a colt?
male horse under 3
What is a filly?
female horse under 3
Define conformation.
the shape of a horse’s body
Define lunge line.
a very long rein (20-40 feet) used to lunge a horse
Arabians were developed by who?
Bedouin tribes in Arab countries over thousands of years
What was the purpose of Arabians?
transportation over long distances and war
What breed of horse is a foundation breed to nearly every breed known today?
Arabian
What is the temperament of an Arabian?
sensitive, highly intelligent, often “high strung”
What is the average size of an Arabian?
14.2-15.2 hands, small, 800-1000
Where did American Mustangs originate from?
Spanish Andalusians brought over by Spanish explorers
There were no horses on the US continents prior to what?
the Spanish exploration
Kiger Mustangs are one of the purest bloodlines from what?
the original spanish horses
What breed is protected by the Bureau of Land Management?
American Mustang
What breed are very hardy horses with great stamina and sound legs and feet?
American Mustang
What did American Quarter Horses originate from?
Spanish Mustang, Thoroughbred racing stock and some draft horses
What was the original purpose of the AQH?
originally bred to race a 1/4 mile. length of most small American towns in the late 1800s. “cow pony” and herding
What are the temperaments of the AQH?
intelligent but generally quiet, gentle, easily trained
What breed of horse is known for being “stocky” and heavily muscled?
AQH
Appaloosa were developed by what?
the Nez Perce Indian tribe which leave near the Palouse river in Idago
How were Appaloosa’s developed?
through careful and selective breeding
What were the original purpose of Appaloosas?
buffalo hunting, horses had to be swift and courageous
When were Appaloosa herds dispersed?
after the Nez Perce War of 1877
What are examples of Appaloosas?
spotted coat pattern, mottled skin, white sclera around the eye, striped hooves, short tails
What is the second largest breed registry in the USA?
American Paint Horse
What horse breed is the breed that Cortes brought to America?
Andalusian
What breed is the preferred horse for nobility and war in the Middle Ages?
Andalusian
Where did Andalusians descend from?
the Spanish Barn
What are ancestors of the Belgian?
Suffolk Punch, Clydesdale, Shire
Where were Clydesdales developed?
England
Where were miniature horses first developed?
in Europe in the 1600s
What breed is recognized as America’s first horse breed?
Morgan
What breed of horse is known as the preferred breed of American calvalry?
Morgan
What horse breed was bred by Spanish conquistadors and early Spanish plantation owners in the Caribbean and Latin America?
Paso Fino
What are the three special gaits of a Paso Fino?
Classic Fino, Paso Corto, Paso Largo
What should you do with cows before breeding?
vaccines, deworming, general care
What should you do with bulls before breeding?
BSE, trim feet, vaccinations, BVD testing
How can you test cattle for BVD?
ear notch, serum
What are the three main reasons we study animal reproduction?
increase income because we have more offspring, make genetic improvements, identify reproductive problems
What do testicles do?
produce sperm and the hormone testosterone
What does the scrotum do?
holds testicles, regulates temperature, as sperm must be before body temperature
What do the epididymis do?
stores sperm until use
What does the vas deferens do?
connection tube
What does the urethra do?
carries sperm and urine to the penis
What do the seminal vesicles do?
fluid to protect the sperm
What does the prostate gland?
milky fluid to nourish sperm
What does the cowper’s gland do?
fluid cleans urine out of penic
What does the sigmoid flexure do?
muscle extends penis out of the body
What does the retractor muscle do?
pulls penis back into the body
What does the penis do?
deposits semen into female and excretes urine
What is the sheath/prepuse?
external skin which protects the penis
What causes ejaculation in the bull?
temperature
What causes ejaculation in the boar?
pressure
What causes ejaculation in the stallion?
nerves
What does the hormone GnRH do?
controls pituitary gland
What does the hormone LH do in males?
produces testosterone
What does the hormone FSH-1 do?
it’s needed to produce sperm
What does the ovary do?
produces eggs and hormones
What does the infundibulum do?
catches eggs after burst from ovary
What does the oviduct do?
narrow passage for egg, site of fertilization
What does the uterine horn do?
for litter bearing animals to develop
What is the uterus used for?
development of fetus
What is the cervix?
a muscle which locks down the uterus
What is the vagina?
site of copulation in most animals
What does the clitoris do?
stimulates reproductive tract causing waves during mating
What is the vulva?
external opening of vagina
What is the urethra?
carries urine
In females, what does the hormone GnRH do?
triggers LH and FSH hormones to get to work
In females, what does the hormone FSH do?
develops follicle
In females, what does the hormone estrogen do?
produced by follicle and starts heat period
In females, what does the hormone LH do?
bursts follicle from ovary
In females, what does the hormone progesterone do?
blocks FSH and LH
In females, what does the hormone prostaglandin do?
causes GnRH to get to work
Put the following steps of the hormone cycle in the correct order.
A. FSH develops the follicle
B. Progesterone blocks FSH and LH
C. Prostaglandin ends progesterone production
D. GnRH starts FSH and LH production
E. Estrogen starts heat
F. LH ruptures egg from ovary
D. GnRH starts FSH and LH production A. FSH develops the follicle E. Estrogen starts heat F. LH ruptures egg from ovary B. Progesterone blocks FSH and LH C. Prostaglandin ends progesterone production
What is the gestation length of a cow?
281 days
What is the gestation length of a horse?
345 days
What is the gestation length of a sheep?
147 days
What is the gestation length of a pig?
114 days
What are common sheep breeds?
Hampshire, Suffolk, Rambouillet, Corriedale
How do you BCS a sheep?
palpate dorsal spinous process and ribs. amount of fat present determines BCS
What is the average length of the estrous cycle in sheep?
17 days
What is the length of estrus in sheep?
24-36 hours
Sheep are what kind of breeders?
short day
What is the gestation range in sheep?
142-152 days
What is the average gestation length in sheep?
147 days
What do you breed sheep in the fall?
so you can have lambs in he spring
What does breeding sheep outside of normal season require?
hormonal controls, Melatonin or light control
How long is the dilation of cervix in sheep?
3-4 hours
If labor takes over an hour for mature eyes or 2 hours for ewe lambs, what may be happening?
dystocia
What are common complications with newborn sheep?
hypothermia, starvation, scours, pneumonia, predation
What is the most common method of castrating sheep?
banding
What length and size of needle should be used to vaccinate sheep?
1/2 to 3/4 long needle, and 18-20 gauge needle
Where can you give SQ vaccines in sheep?
over the ribs, behind the armpit, high up on the neck
What is the gestation length of a goat?
148-152 days
Which scenario constitutes an emergency:
A) a uterine prolapse
B) a labor greater than 6 hours (with active pushing)
C) multiple dead animals
D) all of the above
all of the above
T/F. A horse that is non-weight bearing on one leg is an emergency.
true
What are the primary hormones produced by the ovary?
estrogen and progesterone
Define boar.
intact male
Define barrow.
castrated male
Define sow.
female that has given birth
Define gilt.
female that has not given birth
What is the most common breed of swine?
Yorkshire
What color are Yorkshire pigs?
all white
What is the 2nd most common breed of swine?
Duroc
What do Durocs look like?
dark red to golden color, droopy ears
What do Hampshire swine look like?
black w/ white belt, erect ears
What do Landrace swine lok like?
white color, droopy ears, long bodies, produce larger litters
What are the 3 types of swine production facilities?
farrow-to-finish, feeder pig producers, feeder pig finishers
Who is the largest importer of US pork?
Mexico
What is the gestation period of swine?
115 days
When do you usually wean pigs?
4 weeks
What’s the average size of a pig litter?
9-10 piglets
Why are farrowing crates used?
prevent sow from crushing piglets, piglets can get out of her way
Where would you place an IV catheter in a pig?
ear vein
In the pig, what vein do you have to incise skin to locate?
lateral saphenous
What does PSS stand for?
Porcine Stress Syndrome
What is the average gestation in cattle?
285 days
How long is estrus in cattle?
18 hours
How long is the estrous cycle in cattle?
21 days
What is the average gestation in horses?
335 days
How long is estrus in horses?
6 hrs
How long is the estrous cycle in horses?
21 days
What is the average gestation in ovines?
150 days
How long is estrus in ovine?
33 hrs
How long is the estrous cycle in ovine?
16 days
what is the average gestation in caprines?
150 days
How long is estrus in caprines?
30 hours
How long is the estrous cycle in caprines?
20 days
What is the average gestation in porcines?
115 days
How long is estrus in porcines?
2.5 hours
How long is the estrous cycle in porcines?
21 days
What are the top 5 states for the beef industry?
Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, California, Oklahoma
Dairy bulls are much more aggressive than what?
typical beef breed bulls
What state ranks #1 in the dairy industry?
california
How many chromosomes do sheep have?
54
How many chromosomes do goats have?
60
Goat tails go ___.
up
Sheep tails go ___.
down
Define ram.
intact male
Define ewe.
female
Define wether.
castrated male
Define buck/billy.
intact male
BRSV pulls in a lot of fluids resulting in what?
hypoxia
What factors affect the ability to immunize?
vaccine factors, host factors, human factors, disease
Implants re-allocate what?
nitrogen sources to muscle
What do llama ears look like?
bananas
Do llamas or alpacas have smaller ears?
alpacas
How do you measure net calf crop?
of calves weaned / # of cows in breeding herd
What are the 3 main reasons we study reproduction?
increase income, make genetic improvement, identify problems
What is bloat in cattle?
accumulation of gas within the rumen
What are the two types of bloat?
frothy and free-gas
