Nuerotransmitters & Synaptic Transmission I

Question 1

How do some neurons and astrocytes communicate

Answer 1

Gap junctions formed by connexons

Question 2

What do presynaptic receptors regulate

Answer 2

Exocytosis

Question 3

What chemical synapses are commonly excitatory but proximal contacts often inhibitory

Answer 3

Axodendritic

Question 4

What chemical synapses are commonly inhibitory and diminishes magnitude of action potentials

Answer 4

Axoaxonic

Question 5

What chemical synapses are commonly inhibitory

Answer 5

Axosomatic

Question 6

Which chemical synapse allows astrocytes to take up glutamate released by neurons and metabolize it to glutamine which is then returned back to neuron to be converted back to glutamate

Answer 6

Tripartite synapses

Question 7

Which amino acids are neurotransmitters

Answer 7

Homocysteine 
Aspartate
GABA
Glycine
Glutamate

Question 8

Which gases are neurotransmitters

Answer 8

NO

CO

Question 9

How are low molecular weight neurotransmitters synthesized

Answer 9

Loaded into small vesicles in the cytosol

Question 10

How is Nitric Oxide (NO) synthesized

Answer 10

Calcium enters and forms calcium-calmodulin complex

Nitric Oxide Synthase activated

L-arginine converted to L-citrulline and NO

Question 11

How are high molecular neurotransmitters synthesized

Answer 11

Propeptides loaded into large vesicles with cleaving enzymes

Stored farther from release sites than small vesicles

Question 12

Energy-driven pump loads vesicles with what

Answer 12

Hydrogen ions

Question 13

What tethers vesicles to cytoskeleton

Answer 13

Synapsin

Question 14

What liberates vesicles

Answer 14

Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

Question 15

What facilitates movement of vesicles toward active zones

Answer 15

Rab protein

Question 16

Which snare proteins are on the vesicle membrane

Answer 16

V-snare

Question 17

Which snare proteins are on the nerve membrane

Answer 17

T-snare

Question 18

V-snare synaptobrevin binds to which T-snare

Answer 18

Syntaxin

Question 19

V-snare synaptotagmin binds to which T-snare

Answer 19

Neurexin

Question 20

What forms fusion pore to release nuerotransmitters

Answer 20

Synaptophysin

Question 21

What liberates vesicles by promoting phosphorylation of synapsin and promotes opening of fusion pore

Answer 21

Synapsin

Question 22

How are small vesicles recycled

Answer 22

Endosomes

Question 23

How are large vesicles retrieved

Answer 23

Retrograde (dyenin) transport

Question 24

Ligands influence G-protein altering metabolism and gene expression

Answer 24

Metabotropic

Question 25

How is ACH synthesized

Answer 25

From choline and acetylcoenzyme-A in presence of choline acetyltransferase

Question 26

What neurotransmitter do lower motor neurons release

Answer 26

Acetylcholine

Question 27

Ionotropic, peripheral and central

Answer 27

Nicotinic receptors

Question 28

Metabotropic, 5 types, excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 28

Muscarinic receptors

Question 29

Excitatory neurotransmitter throughout CNS

Answer 29

Glutamate

Question 30

AMPA/Quisqualate and Kainate

Answer 30

Ionotropic Na+ and K+ flow, NO Ca2+ flow

Question 31

Agonists open a central pore, provided that glycine also occupies strychnine-insensitive binding site

Answer 31

NMDA

Question 32

Depolarization extrudes Mg2+ but allows influx of Ca2+ and Na+ and efflux of K+

Answer 32

Non-NMDA receptor mediated

Question 33

Metabotropic Glutamate receptors

Answer 33

1 & 5: postsynaptic and excitatory 2 & 3: presynaptic and inhibitory 4 & 6-8: presynaptic and inhibitory

Question 34

Negative feedback suppresses release

Answer 34

Autoreceptors

Question 35

Inhibitory nuerotransmitter throughout the CNS

Answer 35

GABA

Question 36

Ionotropic chloride-passing receptor and allosteric binding sites for benzodiazepines and barbiturates

Answer 36

GABA(A)

Question 37

Second messenger system suppresses Ca2+ channels and enhances K+ channels

Answer 37

GABA(B)

Question 38

What drug augments GABA-mediated chloride currents reducing anxiety (anxiolytics)

Answer 38

Benzodiazepines

Question 39

What enzyme converts serine to glycine

Answer 39

Transhydroxymethylase

Question 40

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, lower brain stem, and retina

Answer 40

Glycine

Question 41

Structurally and functionally similar to GABA(A) receptor, ionotropic chloride-passing

Answer 41

Glycine

Question 42

Which neurotransmitter receptor on motor neurons is blocked by strychnine

Answer 42

Glycine

Question 43

What blocks release of Glycine

Answer 43

Tetanus Toxin

Question 44

Which neurotransmitter is excitatory and inhibitory depending on synapse and causes feeling of happiness

Answer 44

Dopamine

Question 45

All dopamine receptors are metabotropic

Answer 45

D1-like (D1 and D5): excitatory, couple to cAMP D2-like (D2-4): inhibitory, couple to cAMP

Question 46

Which neurotransmitter is excitatory and inhibitory depending on synapse and modulates sleep and wakefulness, attention, feeding, and emotional behaviors

Answer 46

Norepinephrine

Question 47

All norepinephrine receptors are metabotropic

Answer 47

Alpha1 and Beta1: excitatory Alpha2 and Beta2: inhibitory

Question 48

Which neurotransmitter is excitatory and inhibitory depending on synapse and inhibits pain sensation

Answer 48

Serotonin

Question 49

All (but one) serotonin receptors are metabotropic

Answer 49

5-HT1 and 5-HT5: inhibitory 5-HT2: excitatory 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7: excitatory 5-HT3: excitatory (IONOTROPIC)

Question 50

Inhibitory at most synapses in the medulla and spinal cord (pain sensation)

Answer 50

Enkephalins

Question 51

Excitatory and inhibitory depending on the synapse; widely throughout CNS (pain sensation)

Answer 51

Substance P

Question 52

What is inhibited indirectly by 5-HT and Norepinephrine (although they excite enkephalinergic neurons)

Answer 52

Substance P