CNS Transport

Question 1

Antibodies against NMDA receptors

Answer 1

Encephalitis

Question 2

Functions of CSF

Answer 2

Regulate extra cellular environment

Removes metabolites from CNS

Influence pulmonary ventilation

Influence cerebral blood flow

Cushions CNS

Question 3

Symptoms of high CSF pressure

Answer 3

Nausea
Systemic hypertension
Bradycardia
Papilledema

Question 4

Lumbar puncture reduces pressure but can cause pressure gradient if pressure too high causing what to occur

Answer 4

Brain sucked through foramen magnum

Question 5

Blood-Brain Barrier characteristics

Answer 5

Vascular endothelium (non-fenestrated and tight junctions)

Vascular basement membrane

Astrocytic endfeet

Question 6

What does the oil/water partition coefficient determine

Answer 6

Ability to cross BBB

Question 7

How do Glucose and L-Dopa cross the BBB

Answer 7

Facilitated diffusion

Question 8

What neurotransmitter weakly accesses the brain

Answer 8

Dopamine

Question 9

What factors weaken the BBB

Answer 9

Hypertension
Hyperosmolality
Ischemia
Infection
Inflammation
Pressure
Trauma

Question 10

What are the circumventricular organs (intrinsic weakening of BBB)

Answer 10

Area postrema: vomiting center
Median eminence
Posterior pituitary
Organum vasculosum: thirst regulation
Pineal body: melatonin
Subcommisural organ
Subfornical organ

Question 11

Choroid Plexus

Answer 11

Produces 70% CSF

Moves ions into ventricle

Water follows passively through aquaporins

Question 12

CSF escapes from Foramen of Luschka (lateral) and Magendie (medial) and moves where

Answer 12

Ascends to superior sagittal sinus

Question 13

How is CSF absorbed into superior sagittal sinus

Answer 13

Arachnoid villus relax and CSF flows down pressure gradient (high to low)

Question 14

Increase protein, normal glucose, and RBCs present

Answer 14

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 15

Increase protein, normal glucose, and few WBCs present

Answer 15

Gullain-Barre syndrome

Question 16

Increase protein, normal or decreased glucose, increased WBCs present

Answer 16

Metastatic Meningeal cancer

Question 17

Increase protein, normal glucose, excessive WBCs present

Answer 17

Viral meningitis

Question 18

Increase protein, decrease glucose, increased WBCs present

Answer 18

Tubercular meningitis

Question 19

Increase protein, decrease glucose, increased polymorphonuclear WBCs present

Answer 19

Bacterial meningitis

Question 20

Blockage (obstruction) of CSF within ventricular system

Answer 20

Non-communicating Hydrocephalus

Question 21

Overproduction, insufficient drainage, or ex vacuo (ventricular enlargement)

Answer 21

Communicating Hydrocephalus

Question 22

Symptoms of Communicating Hydrocephalus

Answer 22

Wet, wobbly, wacky

Urinary incontinence, gait, and loss of concentration

Question 23

Localized accumulation of water in ICF or ECF of grey and white matter

Answer 23

Brain Edema

Question 24

Disruption of BBB making capillaries more permeable

Answer 24

Vasogenic Brain Edema

Question 25

Arises from tissue damage or inadequate blood supply to neurons and glia, Na/K pump fails, cells swell

Answer 25

Cytotoxic Brain Edema

Question 26

How is Brain Edema treated

Answer 26

Osmotherapy

Question 27

What do astrocytes do during edema

Answer 27

Self-regulate cell volume and suffer less damage than other CNS cells