Nuerotransmitters From Amino Acids

Question 1

An example of a nueropeptide that is encoded by one gene but is processed to create many different neurotransmitter peptides

Answer 1

POMC

Question 2

What drug is an opioid receptor agonist that inhibits adenylate cyclase, Ca2+ channels, NT release but causes K+ efflux

Answer 2

Beta-endorphine

Question 3

Which NT’s are diffusible and rapidly degraded

Answer 3

Gaseous: Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide

Question 4

What makes Nitric Oxide

Answer 4

Arginine and Nitric Oxide Synthetase

Question 5

What makes Carbon Monoxide

Answer 5

Heme oxygenase

Question 6

Gaseous NT’s play critical roles for what

Answer 6

Memory formation, circadian rhythms and stimulating synthesis of cGMP

Question 7

What does cGMP stimulate

Answer 7

Protein Kinase G

Question 8

Glutamate metabolism

Answer 8

Glutamine —>Glutaminase—>Glutamate —>Transamination—>Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Question 9

Glutamine metabolism

Answer 9

Alpha-Ketoglutarte —>Glutamate dehydrogenase —>Glutamate —> Glutamine synthetase —> Glutamine

Question 10

What 3 ways synthesizes Glutamate de novo

Answer 10

1. Transamination (Vit B-6)
2. Reductive amination
3. Glutaminase

Question 11

What enzyme converts Glutamate to GABA and what is the cofactor

Answer 11

Glutamate decarboxylase, Vit B-6

Question 12

What branched chain AA are used to make glutamate and GABA

Answer 12

Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine

Question 13

How do Glutamate and GABA get synthesized

Answer 13

BCAA cross BBB into Astroglial cell

Transamination rxn forms Glutamate from Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Glutamate to Glutamine by Glutamine synthetase

Glutamine crosses back into blood or nuerons

In neurons Glutamine to Glutamate by Glutaminase

Glutamate decarboxylated to GABA

Question 14

Glutamine transports excess what from brain into blood

Answer 14

Ammonium

Question 15

What recycles GABA in the CNS

Answer 15

GABA shunt

Question 16

What cells contribute to major uptake of GABA

Answer 16

Glial cells

Question 17

GABA recycled back to glutamine in Glial cells and transported back to the neuron

Answer 17

GABA cycle

Question 18

What is the main inhibitory NT in the CNS

Answer 18

GABA

Question 19

What disease is associated with low GABA, causing Glutamate accumulation

Answer 19

Epilepsy

Question 20

What drugs are used to treat Epilepsy

Answer 20

GABA analogs or drugs that block its reuptake

Question 21

Benzodiazepines (valium) bind to GABA receptor, potentiate GABA and reduce what

Answer 21

Anxiety

Question 22

What is an important excitatory receptor in the CNS

Answer 22

Glutamate receptor

Question 23

What drug is an antagonist of the NMDA (glutamate) receptor

Answer 23

PCP

Question 24

PE is methylated to PC by what and its cofactors

Answer 24

SAM, THF and Vit B-12

Question 25

SAM needs lots of what to methylate

Answer 25

Methionine, BH4 and Vit B-6

Cofactors are Folate & B-12

Question 26

What NT are from Tryptophan

Answer 26

Serotonin —> Melatonin

Question 27

What cofactors are needed during Serotonin synthesis

Answer 27

Tryptophan hydroxylase: BH4 and NADPh

5-HTP decarboxylase: PLP

Question 28

What NT are formed from Phenylalanine

Answer 28

Tyrosine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine

Question 29

Which vitamin deficiency can measured using transketolase assay (blood test)

Answer 29

Vit B-1 deficiency

Question 30

Ammonia intoxication will resulted in elevated levels of ________ and less _______

Answer 30

Glutamine (to detoxify ammonia)

GABA