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NB Exam 1 > Brain Metabolism > Flashcards

Brain Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP used to maintain in the brain

A

Ionic gradient, molecule transport, and NT biosynthesis

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2
Q

What fuel can cross the BBB

A

Glucose (Glut-3)

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3
Q

What maintains glucose levels in brain during fasting state

A

Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis

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4
Q

After a prolonged fast, what becomes the major brain fuel

A

Ketone bodies

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5
Q

Ketone bodies production reduces gluconeogenesis to spare body protein from AA degradation

A

Glucose sparing

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6
Q

Glucose uptake in the brain by GLUT-3 does not dependent on what

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Uptake of glucose and KB’s

A

Facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

Which transporter is used by KB, shared with pyruvate, lactate, and acetate

A

Monocarboxylate

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9
Q

What happens to the KB transporter during starvation

A

Unregulated by gene expression

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10
Q

Which fatty acids can cross the BBB

A

Dietary essential

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11
Q

Thiamine (Vit B-1) deficiency due to poor diet or alcoholism and responds to thiamine supplement

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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12
Q

Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

Mental confusion
Ataxia
Ophthalmoplegia

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13
Q

Chronic state Wernicke-Korsakoff that causes retrograde and/or anterograde amnesia

A

Korsakoff psychosis

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14
Q

Thiamine (Vit B-1) deficiency due to mono cereal diet, polished white rice as main carb

A

Beri Beri

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15
Q

Small uncharged molecules and non-polar substances freely cross the BBB by

A

Passive diffusion

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16
Q

Hydrophobic drugs such as phenobarbital cross slower and bind to what protein in the blood

A

Albumin

17
Q

Essential FA and vitamins need what to cross through BBB

A

Specific transporters

18
Q

How do proteins such as insulin cross BBB

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

19
Q

How do large neutral (essential) AA cross BBB

A

Facilitating transporter

20
Q

In PKU patients, very high Phenylalanine levels overwhelm facilitative transporter and what occurs

A

Brain starved of other essential AA

21
Q

Which AA and amines are blocked from crossing BBB b/c they can be synthesize in the brain

A

Glutamate and Aspartate

Dopamine and GABA

22
Q

L-Dopa and DOPA carboxylase inhibitor are given together as treatment for

A

Parkinson’s

23
Q

Where does the brain derive its specialized, complex and VLC lipids

A

Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acid

24
Q

VLC lipids are needed for synthesis of what

A

Myelin (70% lipid)

25
Q

Myelin has a high content of what

A

Sphingomyelin and Cerebrosides

26
Q

Two major proteins in myelin sheath

A

Proteolipid and Myelin Basic

27
Q

Disease caused by progressive destruction of CNS myelin, forming sclerotic plaques

A

Multiple Sclerosis

28
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

A

Weakness
Lack of coordination
Loss of vision

*Fatal

29
Q

An autoimmune disease maybe triggered by viral infection

A

Multiple Sclerosis

30
Q

Appearance of Multiple Sclerosis is dependent on what

A

Genetic and environmental influence (multifactorial etiology)

31
Q

Disease caused by misfolded protein

Humans: CJD or Kuru
Sheep: Scrapie
Cattle: BSE
Cattle to Human: variant CJD

A

Prion Diseases

32
Q

Misfolded Prion converts normal Prion to infectious form and forms what

A

Plaques on nuerons

33
Q

Normal Prion has no what

A

B-sheets

34
Q

Abnormal prion is composed of mostly what

A

B-sheets, resistant to protease digestion

35
Q

Symptoms of Prion Disease

A

Neurodegeneration
Dementia
Paralysis

—> Death

36
Q

Amyloid plaques of Alzheimer’s contain what

A

Amyloid-Beta-Peptide (42) which is neurotoxic

37
Q

Alzheimer’s tangles contain which protein

A

Tau

38
Q

Alzheimer’s results from the inappropriate accumulation of what proteolytic fragments

A

Beta-amyloid precursor protein

NB Exam 1 (13 decks)

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