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Biochemistry > Nucleotide Metabolism > Flashcards

Nucleotide Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotide

A

Base + Pentose + Mono-/di-/triphosphate

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2
Q

Nucleoside

A

Base + Pentose

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3
Q

Bond Type

A

N-glycosidic bond

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4
Q

Bond type

A

(Phosphate) Ester bond

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5
Q

Examples of Pentose groups in nucleosides

A
  • Ribose
  • (2-)deoxy-ribose
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6
Q

Structure of Adenine

A
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7
Q

Structure of Guanine

A
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8
Q

Structure of Cytosine

A
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9
Q

Structure of Thymine

A
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10
Q

Structure of Uracil

A
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11
Q

Give the Purine bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
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12
Q

Give the Pyrimidine bases

A
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
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13
Q

Uracil binds only to…

A

Ribose

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14
Q

Thymine binds only to…

A

Deoxyribose

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15
Q

Cytosine binds only to…

A

Ribose or Deoxyribose

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16
Q

Examples of purine nucleosides

A
  • Adenosine
  • Guanosine
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17
Q

Examples of Pyrimidine nucleosides

A
  • Uridine
  • Cytidine
  • Deoxythymidine
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18
Q

Name the process

A

Purine Synthesis (De novo)

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19
Q

Compound A

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Glucose

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20
Q

Process 1

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Hexokinase
    • ATP → ADP
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21
Q

Compound B

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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22
Q

Process 2

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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23
Q

Compound C

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Ribose-5-phosphate

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24
Q

Process 3

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • PRPP synthetase
    • ATP → AMP
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25
Q

Compound D

  • Name
  • Structure
A

5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate

(PRPP)

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26
Q

Process 4

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • PRPP amidotransferase
    • Glutamine → Glutamate
    • → P-O-P
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27
Q

Compound E

  • Name
  • Structure
A

5-phosphoribosyl-amine

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28
Q

Process 5

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • IMP Synthase
    • Glycine →
    • 2 x N10-formyl-FH4 → FH4
    • Glutamine →​ Glutamate
    • HCO3- → H2O
    • Aspartate → Fumarate
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29
Q

Compound F

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Inosine monophosphate

(IMP)

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30
Q

Process 6

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • IMP dehydrogenase
    • H2O →
    • NAD+ → NADH + H+
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31
Q

Compound G1

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Xanthosine monophosphate

(XMP)

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32
Q

Process 7

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • GMP synthetase
    • ATP → AMP
    • Glutamine → Glutamate
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33
Q

Compound H1

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Guanosine monophosphate

(GMP)

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34
Q

Process 8

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleotide kinase
    • ATP → ADP
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35
Q

Compound I1

  • Name
A

Guanosine diphosphate

(GDP)

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36
Q

Process 9

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleotide diphosphate kinase
    • ATP → ADP
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37
Q

Compound J1

  • Name
A

Guanosine triphosphate

(GTP)

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38
Q

Process 10

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Adenylosuccinate synthetase
    • GTP → GDP
    • Aspartate →
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39
Q

Compound G2

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Adenylosuccinate

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40
Q

Process 11

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Adenylosuccinate lyase
    • → Fumarate
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41
Q

Compound H<span>2</span>

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Adenosine monophosphate

(AMP)

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42
Q

Process 12

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleotide kinase
    • ATP → ADP
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43
Q

Compound I<span>2</span>

  • Name
A

Adenosine diphosphate

(ADP)

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44
Q

Process 13

  • Reactions
A
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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45
Q

Compound J<span>2</span>

  • Name
A

Adenosine triphosphate

(ATP)

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46
Q

Which reaction produces this structure?

A

HCO3- → H2O

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47
Q

Which reaction produces this structure?

A

Aspartate → Fumarate

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48
Q

Which reaction produces these structures?

A

N10-formyl-FH4 → FH4

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49
Q

Which reaction produces this structure?

A

Glutamine → Glutamate

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50
Q

Which reaction produces this structure?

A

Glycine →

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51
Q

What is shown in this process?

A

Degradation of a purine nucleotide: AMP

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52
Q

Compound A

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Adenosine monophosphate

(AMP)

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53
Q

Process 1

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleotidase
    • → P
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54
Q

Compound B

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Adenosine

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55
Q

Process 2

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleoside phosphorylase
    • P → Ribose-1-P
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56
Q

Compound C

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Adenine

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57
Q

Process 3

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Adenine deaminase
    • H2O →
    • → NH3
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58
Q

Compound D

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Hypoxanthine

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59
Q

Process 4

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Xanthine oxidase
    • H2O →
    • FAD → FADH2
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60
Q

Compound E

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Xanthine

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61
Q

Process 5

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Xanthine oxidase
    • H2O →
    • FAD → FADH2
62
Q

Compound F

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Uric Acid

63
Q

Process 6

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Uricase
    • 2H2O + O2 → H2O2
    • → CO2
64
Q

Compound G

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Allantoine

65
Q

What is shown in this process?

A

Degradation of a purine nucleotide: GMP

66
Q

Compound A

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Guanosine monophosphate

(GMP)

67
Q

Process 1

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleotidase
    • → P
68
Q

Compound B

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Guanosine

69
Q

Process 2

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleoside phosphorylase
    • P → Ribose-1-P
70
Q

Compound C

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Guanine

71
Q

Process 3

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Guanine deaminase
    • H2O →
    • → NH3
72
Q

Compound D

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Xanthine

73
Q

Process 4

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Xanthine oxidase
    • H2O →
    • FAD → FADH2
74
Q

Compound E

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Uric Acid

75
Q

Process 5

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Uricase
    • 2H2O + O2 → H2O2
    • → CO2
76
Q

Compound F

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Allantoine

77
Q

De novo synthesis and nucleotide degradation occurs in the…

A

Cytosol

78
Q

Uric acid → Allantoine reaction occurs in the…

A

Liver

79
Q

Allantoin is excreted in the…

A

Urine

80
Q

Which drug can be used to treat gout/uricosis?

How does it work?

A

Allopurinol

Competitive inhibition of Xanthine oxidase

81
Q

Uric acid transport occurs by which 2 processes?

A
  • Fast transport (80%)
  • Slow transport (20%)
82
Q

Cause of urate kidney stones in Dalmatians

A
  • Fast transport gene of uric acid mutated
  • Uricase active but no uric acid uptake
  • Excretion: mostly uric acid, some allantoin
  • Uric acid precipitated in the kidney
83
Q

What is shown in this process?

A

Pyrimidine synthesis

84
Q

Compound A

  • Name
A

HCO3-

85
Q

Process 1

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
    • Glutamine → Glutamate
    • 2 ATP → 2 ADP
86
Q

Compound B

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Carbamoyl-P

87
Q

Process 2

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Aspartate transcarbamoylase
    • → P
88
Q

Compound C

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Aspartate

89
Q

Compound D

  • Name
  • Structure
A

N-carbamoyl aspartate

90
Q

Process 3

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Dihydroorotase
    • → H2O
91
Q

Compound E

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Dihydroorotate

92
Q

Process 4

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
    • NAD+ → NADH + H+ (Double bond formation)
    • NADH + H+ → NADH (Double bond breakage)
93
Q

Compound F

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Orotate

94
Q

Process 5

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase
    • PRPP → P-P
95
Q

Compound G

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Orotidylate

96
Q

Process 6

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Orotidylate decarboxylase
    • → CO2
97
Q

Compound H

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Uridine monophosphate

(UMP)

98
Q

Process 7

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • UMP kinase
    • ATP → ADP
99
Q

Compound I

  • Name
A

Uridine diphosphate

100
Q

Process 8

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleoside diphosphate kinase
    • ATP → ADP
101
Q

Compound J

  • Name
A

Uridine triphosphate

(UTP)

102
Q

Process 9

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • CTP synthetase
    • ATP → ADP
    • Glutamine → Glutamate
103
Q

Compound K

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Cytidine triphosphate

(CTP)

104
Q

How many ATP are needed for pyrimidine synthesis?

A

7

105
Q

What is shown in this process?

A

Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides

106
Q

Compound A

  • Name
A

CMP

107
Q

Process 1

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • CMP-deaminase
    • H2O →
    • → NH3
108
Q

Compound B

  • Name
A

UMP

109
Q

Process 2

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleotidase
    • → P
110
Q

Compound C

  • Name
A

Uridine

111
Q

Process 3

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleoside phosphorylase
    • P → ribose-1-P
112
Q

Compound D

  • Name
A

Uracil

113
Q

Process 4

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Pyrimidine dehydrogenase
    • NADH + H+ → NAD+
    • N​AD+ → NADH + H+
114
Q

Compound E

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Dihydro-uracil

115
Q

Process 5

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Dihydropyrimidinase
    • H2O →
116
Q

Compound F

  • Name
  • Structure
A

Ureido-propionate

117
Q

Process 6

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Ureidopropionase
    • → CO2
    • → NH3
118
Q

Compound G

  • Name
  • Structure
A

β-alanine

119
Q

Process 7

  • Reactions
A
  • → CO2
  • → ​NH3
120
Q

Compound H

  • Name
A

Acetate

121
Q

Compound I

  • Name
A

HS-CoA

122
Q

Resynthesis of nucleotides: For each nucleotide

A
123
Q

Resynthesis of nucleotides: For purine nucleotides: Adenine

A
124
Q

Resynthesis of nucleotides: For purine nucleotides in eukaryotes

A
125
Q

Resynthesis of nucleotides: For purine nucleotides in prokaryotes

A
126
Q

What is shown in this process?

A

Synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides

127
Q

Compound A

  • Name
A
  • ADP
  • GDP
  • CDP
  • UDP
128
Q

Process 1

  • Enzyme
A
  • Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase
129
Q

Process 1I

  • Enzyme
A

Thioredoxin reductase

130
Q

Compound A1

A
131
Q

Compound A2

A
132
Q

Compound A3

  • Name
A

FAD

133
Q

Compound A<span>4</span>

  • Name
A

FADH2

134
Q

Compound A5

  • Name
A

NADPH + H+

135
Q

Compound A<span>6</span>

  • Name
A

NADP+

136
Q

Compound A7

  • Name
A

Dehydroascorbic acid

137
Q

Compound A8

  • Name
A

Ascorbic acid

138
Q

Compound B

  • Name
A
  • dADP
  • dGDP
  • dCDP
  • dUDP
139
Q

Process 2

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Nucleoside diphosphate kinase
    • ATP → ADP
140
Q

Compound C

  • Name
A

dUTP

(also produced: dATP, dGTP, dCTP)

141
Q

Process 3

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • dUTP-phosphatase
    • → P-P
142
Q

Compound D

  • Name
A

dUMP

143
Q

Process 4

  • Enzyme
  • Reactions
A
  • Thymidylate synthase
    • N5,N10 -methylene-FH4 → FH2
    • Cobalamin →
144
Q

Compound E

  • Name
A

dTMP

145
Q

Process 5

  • Reactions
A

ATP → ADP

146
Q

Compound F

  • Name
A

dTDP

147
Q

Process 6

  • Reactions
A

ATP → ADP

148
Q

Compound G

  • Name
A

dTTP

149
Q

Nucleoside phosphorylase hosts which process?

A

Deoxyribonucleoside releases Deoxyribose-1-P

150
Q

During the degradation of deoxyribonucleotides, what is produced instead of β-alanine?

A

β-amino-isobutyrate

Biochemistry (21 decks)

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