Membranes Flashcards
Prokaryote
Cells without a nucleus
Eukaryote
Cells with a nucleus
Compositions of the cell membrane
- 40% Lipid
- 60% Protein
- <1% Sugar moieties
Phospholipids with a glycerol backbone are called…
Glycerol phosphatides
Give two examples of glycerol phosphatides
- Lecithine
- Cephaline
What is shown?

Glycerol phosphatide: Lecithine

Choline

Phosphate

Polar head group

Glycerol backbone

Fatty acid chains
A glycerol phosphatide, with a cholamine molecule linked to it
Cephaline
Glycerol phosphatide without choline or cholamine
Phosphatidic acid
Sphingosine
Sphingolipid:
- 18-carbon amino alcohol
- Unsaturated hydrocarbon chain

Ceramide
Sphingolipid:
- Sphingosine + fatty acid

Sphingomyelin structure
Ceramide + Phosphate + Choline

Unsaturated fatty acid
- 1-3 double bonds along the hydrocarbon chain
- Causes a kink in the chain shape
- Results in looser packing + lower melting point
The function of cholesterol in the cell membrane
Helps stabilise the membrane
Give the movement of lipids in the membrane
- Rotation
- Lateral diffusion
- Transversial diffusion
- Flippase protein + energy needed
What are the two classes of membrane protein?
- Integral protein
- Peripheral protein
Integral proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Hydrophobic regions
- Hydrophilic ends
- Generally serve as ion channels

Peripheral proteins
- Loosely bound to surface of the membrane
- Static function
- Receptor function

Cell surface receptor
- Span cell membrane
- Detect chemical signals outside the cell
- Transmit these detections inside

Carbohydrates of the membrane are usually…
- Branched oligosaccharides
- <15 sugar units
Carbohydrates attached to lipids in the membrane
Glycolipids
Carbohydrates attached to proteins in the membrane
Glycoproteins
Give a use of the diversity of molecule locations on the cell membrane
- Can be used as markers
- Distinguish one cell from another
Give the most important monosaccharides of the membrane
- Glucose
- Mannose
- Galactose
Lipid raft structure
- Sphingolipid + Cholesterol rich
- Tightly packed
- Ordered assembly of specific proteins

Lipid raft function
- Membrane transport
- Fluidity
- Signal transduction
- Neurotransmission
Caveolae
Grape-like clusters in the membrane

What causes an increase in membrane fluidity (elasticity)
- Increased temperature
- Decreased cholesterol (eukaryotes only)
- Increased proportion of cis-unsaturated fatty acids
Which molecules other than water can pass across the cell membrane by simple diffusion
- Oxygen
- CO2
- Ammonia
- Ethanol
- Urea
What reduces the rate of diffusion from inside the cell to outside the cell?
Molecules running into the lipid bilayer of the membrane
Ions and charged molecules move…accross cell membranes
Poorly
Give examples of molecules which require facilitated diffusion to pass through a membrane
- Glucose
- Chloride ions
Give the two major groups of integral membrane proteins
- Carrier molecules/transporters
- E.g glucose transporters, carnitine, translocase
- Hydrophilic pores
- E.g aquaporin
Facilitated diffusion of glucose is responsible by…
GLUT (Glucose transporter**)
GLUT-1
RBCs, Brain
(Non-insulin dependent)
GLUT-2
Intestinal epithelium, Liver, Kidney
(Could be partly insulin dependent)
GLUT-3
Brain
(Non-insulin dependent)
GLUT-4
Muscle, fatty acid
(insulin dependent)
Give the stages of facilitated diffusion of glucose
- Glucose binds to GLUT-1
- Conformational change
- Glucose moves to the interior
- Glucose is released

Which molecules allow facilitated passive transport of fatty acids into mitochondria?
- Carnitine (carrier molecule)
- Translocase (a transport protein)
Form the ‘carnitine shuttle’

Gibbs-Donnan-Equilibrium (Short summary)
Unequal ion distribution on both sides of the semipermeable membrane leads to membrane potential
Solution Equilibrium
- A semipermeable membrane forms 2 chambers
- KCl solution added to one chamber (I)
- Water added to the other chamber (II)
- K+ and Cl- ions passively diffuse through the membrane
- Ions diffuse from I to II until equilibrium
- Final solutions in each chamber contain equal K+ and Cl-
Solution equilibrium in the presence of an impermeable anion e.g Pr-
- K+ and Cl- penetrate the membrane
- Pr- is retained on side I
Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium (Detailed summary)
- Side I has K+ ions and Pr-
- Side II has K+ and Cl- (Both permeable)
- K+ equimolar on both sides
- Cl- diffuses from II to I
- Negative charge on side I
- K+ attracted to side I but [K+] of side I exceeds that of side II
- K+ moves from side I to side II along a concentration gradient
- Membrane potential
Active transport
Expenditure of metabolic energy to move ions or solutes across membranes against their electrochemical gradient.
Give the two types of active transport
- Primary active transport
- Secondary active transport
Differ in source of energy
Primary active transport
Examples
- Transport protein that hydrolyses ATP
- Na-K pump
- Proton pump
- ABC transporter protein family
Secondary active transport
Examples
Transport across membranes by energy stored in ion gradients
SGLT-1 + SGLT-2 transporters
Give the use of Na/K pump
- Resting membrane potential
- Driving force for secondary active transport
- Osmotic gradient

What is the ratio of the number of ions transported by Na-K ATPase pump?
3Na+:2 K+
Give the process of Na/K ATPase pump
- High [Na+] in the cytoplasm
- ATP hydrolysed → Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic loop of the pump and release of ADP
- Na+ released
- Pump binds 2 EC K+ ions
- K+ ions released inside the cell
- Alpha subunits dephosphorylated

Describe the effects of Na/K ATPase pump inhibition in cardiac myocytes
- Inhibition
- Increase in IC [Ca2+]
- Enhanced cardiac contractility
How can Na/K ATPase pump of cardiac myocytes be inhibited?
By cardiac glycosides
Can be found in:
- Digitalis purpurea
- Strophanthus gratus
Where is the proton pump located?
- Respiratory chain
- Epithelial cells of stomach mucous membrane (HCl secretion)
ABC transporter protein family
- ABC = ATP-Binding Cassette
- Multi-drug resistance (MDR) protein
- Pump non-polar molecules (drugs) out of the cell
- Drug resistance
- Tumour cells have MDR
- Pump non-polar molecules (drugs) out of the cell
Cotransport
- Energy released during ions transport down an electrochemical gradient
- used to pump ions/molecules up their electrochemical gradient
Cotransporter carrying both solutes in the same direction
Symport
Cotransporter carrying solutes in opposite directions
Antiport
SGLT-1
- Cotransport of Glucose and 2 sodium
- Into small intestinal epithelial cell

SGLT-2
- Cotransport of Glucose and 2 sodium
- Into tubular epithelial cells of the kidney