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Biochemistry > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Water

A
  • 60% of the body
  • Highly reactive
  • Unusual properties
  • Very polar
    • Interacts will with ions and other dipoles
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2
Q

Which types of substances tend to dissolve readily in water?

A
  • Ionic
  • Polar-neutral

Hydrophilic/water soluble compounds

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3
Q

Non-water soluble

A

Lipophilic

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4
Q

Water determines the structure and biological properties of…

A
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids
  • Biological membrane
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5
Q

Water has a tendency to ionise into…

A

Hydrogen and Hydroxide Ions

H+/OH-

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6
Q

The amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ion in a solution is related to which equation?

A

[H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 mol/l

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7
Q

Give the pH of water

A

7

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8
Q

What did Claude Bernard famously state?

A

Maintenance of life is guaranteed by the constancy of the fluid matrix or ‘milieux interieur’.

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9
Q

Homeostasis was first discovered by…

A

Walter Bradford Cannon

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10
Q

Constant conditions which are maintained in the body are known as…

A

Homeostasis

Formerly: “Equilibria”

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11
Q

ICF comprises…% of the body’s mass

A

40%

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12
Q

ECF represents…% of the body’s mass

A

20%

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13
Q

The ECF is a solution comprising of…

A
  • Water
  • NaCl
  • NaHCO3
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14
Q

ISF comprises…% of the body’s mass

A

15%

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15
Q

IVS comprises…% of the body’s mass

A

5%

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16
Q

TCF comprises…% of the body’s mass

A

1-2%

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17
Q

Dehydration is defined as…

A

A decrease in ECF of <20%

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18
Q

Overhydration is defined as…

A

An increase in ECF of >20%

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19
Q

Hypovolaemia

A

Decreased volume of blood plasma

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20
Q

Hypervolaemia

A

Increased volume of blood plasma

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21
Q

Oedema

A

Increased volume of ISF

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22
Q

What can lead to dehydration?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Sweating
  • Drinking less
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23
Q

What can lead to hypovolaemia?

A

Bleeding

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24
Q

Isoosmosis

A

The constancy of osmotic pressure of ECF

dependent on osmotic concentration

25
Q

How can osmotic conc. of blood plasma be determined?

A

Measurement of freezing point

26
Q

1 osmol of solute dissolved in 1 L solution depresses freezing point by…

A

-1.86°C

27
Q

The freezing point of blood plasma…

A

-0.56°C

28
Q

The concentration of physiological saline

A

0.9% NaCl

0.3 osmol/L

29
Q

RBC in Hypotonic solution

A
  • Swells and Disrupts
  • Haemolysis
30
Q

RBC in Hypertonic solution

A

Shrinks

31
Q

All isotonic solutions are…

A

Isoosmotic

32
Q

Not all isoosmotic solutions are…

A

Isotonic

33
Q

Give the concentrations of the anions in blood plasma

A
  • Cl- = 110 mmol/l
  • HCO3- = 27 mmol/l
  • Protein = 17 mmol/l
  • Phosphate = 2 mmol/l
  • Sulphate = 1 mmol/l
  • Organic acids = 4 mmol/l
34
Q

Give the concentrations of the cations in blood plasma

A
  • Na+ = 140 mmol/l
  • K+ = 4 mmol/l
  • Mg2+ = 1.5 mmol/l
  • Ca2+ = 1.25 mmol/l
35
Q

Isohydria

A

The constancy of pH in the ECF

36
Q

pH of the ECF

A

7.4

37
Q

Give the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

pH=pKa+log[A-]/[HA]

38
Q

Weak acids have…pKa values

A

High

39
Q

Strong acids have…pKa values

A

Low

40
Q

Blood [H+] concentration

A

2.5x10-7

41
Q

pH value between 7.35 and 7.0 is called…

A

Acidosis

42
Q

pH value between 7.45 and 7.8 is called…

A

Alkalosis

43
Q

Which organs regulate acid-base balance…

A

Respiratory centres in the brain stem and the kidneys

44
Q

Buffer systems/Buffer pairs tend to resist…

A

Changes in pH

45
Q

Buffer capacity

A

Measure of the efficiency of a buffer in resisting changes in pH

46
Q

Acidic components of buffer systems…

A

Give H+

47
Q

Basic components of buffer systems…

A

Bind H+

48
Q

Location of the bicarbonate buffer system

A

Mainly in the ECF

49
Q

Which molecules are involved in the bicarbonate buffer system?

A
  • Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
  • Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
50
Q

pKa value of the bicarbonate buffer system

A

pKa = 6.1

51
Q

Calculate pH of the bicarbonate buffer system

A
  • pH = pKa + log[HCO3-]/[H2CO3]
  • pH = 6.1 + log 20/1 = 6.1 + 1.3 = 7.4
52
Q

How is carbonic acid (H2CO3) excreted from the body?

A

Excreted by the lung in the form of CO2

53
Q

Chemicals involved in the phosphate buffer system

A
  • Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-)
  • Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-)
54
Q

pKa value of the phosphate buffer system

A

pKa = 6.8

55
Q

Location of the phosphate buffer system

A

Mainly in the ICF

56
Q

Calculate the pH of the phosphate buffer system

A
  • pH = pKa + log[HPO42-]/[H2PO4-]
  • pH = 6.8 + log 4/1 = 6.8 + 0.6 = 7.4
57
Q

What determines the acid-base behaviour of native intact globular proteins?

A

Ionisable groups of -R, -amino, and -carboxyl gorups

58
Q

pKa value of plasma proteins

A

pKa = 4.9-6.4

59
Q

Give the pKa value of a haemoglobin buffering system

A

pKa = 6.5-7.8

Biochemistry (21 decks)

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