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Biochemistry > Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Title the figure

A

The structure of a fatty acid

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2
Q
A
  • The methyl group (CH3)
  • Omega end
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3
Q
A
  • Variable length
  • 2-22 carbon chain
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4
Q
A

Fatty part

  • Fat soluble
  • Water insoluble
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5
Q
A
  • Carboxyl group (COOH)
  • Water soluble
  • Fat insoluble
  • Acid part
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6
Q

Conjugated fatty acids

A
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • One pair of double bonds are separated by only one single bond

E.g Conjugated Linoleic acid (CLA)

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7
Q

Trans fatty acids

A
  • Found in ruminant’s milk fat or
  • Industrially created by plant oils
  • Adverse (LDL cholesterol) effects
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8
Q

Emulsified fats are degraded by…

A

Pancreatic lipases

Generating FFAs

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9
Q

Pancreatic lipase degrades triacylglycerols at which positions?

A
  • 1 & 3 positions
  • Creating 1,2 diacylglycerols and 2-acylglycerols
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10
Q

Phospholipids are degraded at which position?

A

2 position

  • By PLA2 enzyme
  • Releasing FFA + Lysophospholipid
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11
Q

Glycerol is converted to…

A

DHAP

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12
Q
A

Bile Salts

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13
Q
A

Small Intestine

Contains hydrolytic enzymes from pancreas

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14
Q
A
  • Triacylglycerols transported through bloodstream
  • Via VLDLs
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15
Q
A
  • Triacylglycerols transported through the bloodstream
  • Via chylomicrons
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16
Q
A

Adipose tissue

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17
Q
A

Fatty acids associated with albumin

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18
Q

Title the figure

A

Lipid release from adipocytes

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19
Q
A

ATP → cAMP

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20
Q
A

Protein Kinase

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21
Q
A

Triacylglycerol lipase

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22
Q
A

Glycerol

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23
Q
A

Fatty acid transporter

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24
Q
A

Muscle:

  • Beta-oxidation
  • Citric acid cycle
  • Respiratory chain
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25
Q

HSL

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase

  • Splits triglycerides →​
    • Diglycerides
    • Fatty acid
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26
Q

MGL

A

Monoacylglycerol lipase

  • Splits monoglycerides →​
    • Glycerol
    • Fatty acid
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27
Q

Diacylglycerol lipase

A

Splits diglycerides →

  • Monoglycerides
  • Fatty acid
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28
Q

Before beta-oxidation…

A

Fatty acids enter the mitochondrial matrix by facilitated diffusion

  • Carnitine-fatty acylcarnitine translocase (CAT-1/CAT-2)
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29
Q

The fate of even-number chains in β-oxidation

A

Acetyl-CoA production

30
Q

The fate of odd-number chains in β-oxidation

A

Propionyl-CoA produced

31
Q

Title the figure

A

Energy production from Beta-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA

32
Q
A
33
Q

Give the end products from palmitoyl-CoA

A
  • 7 FADH2
  • 7 NADH
  • 8 AcCoA
  • = 129 ATPs
34
Q

Title the figure

A

Energy gain from lipid metabolism

35
Q
A

β-oxidation

36
Q
A

8 Acetyl-CoA

37
Q
A

Citric acid cycle

38
Q
A

NADH, FADH2

39
Q
A

Respiratory chain

Electron transfer

40
Q
A

2H+ + 1/2O2 → H2O

41
Q

Fatty cow syndrome

A
  • Syndrome of anorexia + Ketonuria
  • With fatty liver
  • Occurs in overfat cows at calving
42
Q

PAP

A

Phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase

43
Q

Role of phosphoglycerides

A

Membrane constituents

44
Q

Examples of phosphoglycerides

A
  • Lecithin
  • Cephalin
  • Inositol phosphatides
45
Q

General structure of phosphoglycerides

A
  • Glycerol +
  • FA +
  • Phosphate
46
Q

Lecithin role

A
  • Emulsifier
  • Component of cell membranes
47
Q

Lecithin contains…

A

Choline

48
Q

Cephalins are phosphoglycerides that contain…

A

Cholamine

49
Q

Role of inositol phosphatides

A
  • Membrane constituent
  • 2nd messenger
50
Q

Give the structure of myoinositol

A
51
Q

Give an example of a plasmogen

A

Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

52
Q

Degradation by phospholipases can be observed in…

A

Snake venom (PLA2)

53
Q

Main role of sphingolipids

A

Membrane constituents

  • Mainly:
    • Nerve cells
    • Brain
54
Q

Give examples of sphingolipids

A
  • Sphingomyelin
  • Cerebrosid
  • Gangliosid
55
Q

Composition of sphingomyelin

A
  • No glycerol
  • Two alcohols in the middle position
    • Occupied by an amine
56
Q

Galactocerebrosides are found mainly in…

A

Neuronal cell membranes

57
Q

Sphingolipids containing several carbohydrates are known as…

A

Gangliosides

Give identity of the cells: Such as blood group

58
Q

How is cholesterol transported?

A

Fatty acids of lecithin

59
Q

What is the storage form of cholesterol?

A

Esterified by

  • Palmitic acid
  • Linoleic acid
60
Q

Give the primary bile acids produced in the liver

A
  • Cholic acid
  • Chenodeoxycholic acid
61
Q

Deoxycholic acid & lithocholic acid is produced in the…

A

Intestine

62
Q

Cholesterol → Chenodeoxycholic acid/cholic acid is catalysed by…

A

7alpha-hydroxylase

Rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis

63
Q

Bile acids are used in…

A

Digestion + absorption of fats + fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestines

64
Q

Give examples of conjugated cholic acids

A
  • Glycocholic acid
  • Taurocholic acid
65
Q

What is the largest cause of cholesterol breakdown in the body?

A

Hepatic synthesis of bile acids

66
Q

Pregnenolone is involved in the synthesis of…

A

Vitamin A

67
Q

Steroid hormones are hydroxylated by…

A

Mixed-function oxygenases/Steroid hydroxylases

68
Q

Give the two fates of steroid hormone degradation

A
  1. Reduction of an unsaturated bond, the introduction of OH groups
  2. Formation of keto group at C-17
69
Q

Beta-carotene structure

A
70
Q

Fatty acid enters the mitochondrial matrix/IM space in the form of…

A

Fatty Acyl Carnitine

Biochemistry (21 decks)

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