Lipid Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
Title the figure
A
The structure of a fatty acid
2
Q
A
- The methyl group (CH3)
- Omega end
3
Q
A
- Variable length
- 2-22 carbon chain
4
Q
A
Fatty part
- Fat soluble
- Water insoluble
5
Q
A
- Carboxyl group (COOH)
- Water soluble
- Fat insoluble
- Acid part
6
Q
Conjugated fatty acids
A
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- One pair of double bonds are separated by only one single bond
E.g Conjugated Linoleic acid (CLA)
7
Q
Trans fatty acids
A
- Found in ruminant’s milk fat or
- Industrially created by plant oils
- Adverse (LDL cholesterol) effects
8
Q
Emulsified fats are degraded by…
A
Pancreatic lipases
Generating FFAs
9
Q
Pancreatic lipase degrades triacylglycerols at which positions?
A
- 1 & 3 positions
- Creating 1,2 diacylglycerols and 2-acylglycerols
10
Q
Phospholipids are degraded at which position?
A
2 position
- By PLA2 enzyme
- Releasing FFA + Lysophospholipid
11
Q
Glycerol is converted to…
A
DHAP
12
Q
A
Bile Salts
13
Q
A
Small Intestine
Contains hydrolytic enzymes from pancreas
14
Q
A
- Triacylglycerols transported through bloodstream
- Via VLDLs
15
Q
A
- Triacylglycerols transported through the bloodstream
- Via chylomicrons
16
Q
A
Adipose tissue
17
Q
A
Fatty acids associated with albumin
18
Q
Title the figure
A
Lipid release from adipocytes
19
Q
A
ATP → cAMP
20
Q
A
Protein Kinase
21
Q
A
Triacylglycerol lipase
22
Q
A
Glycerol
23
Q
A
Fatty acid transporter
24
Q
A
Muscle:
- Beta-oxidation
- Citric acid cycle
- Respiratory chain
25
HSL
Hormone-sensitive lipase
* Splits triglycerides →
* Diglycerides
* Fatty acid
26
MGL
Monoacylglycerol lipase
* Splits monoglycerides →
* Glycerol
* Fatty acid
27
Diacylglycerol lipase
Splits diglycerides →
* Monoglycerides
* Fatty acid
28
Before beta-oxidation...
Fatty acids enter the mitochondrial matrix by facilitated diffusion
* Carnitine-fatty acylcarnitine translocase (CAT-1/CAT-2)
29
The fate of even-number chains in β-oxidation
Acetyl-CoA production
30
The fate of odd-number chains in β-oxidation
Propionyl-CoA produced
31
Title the figure
Energy production from Beta-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA
32
33
Give the end products from palmitoyl-CoA
* 7 FADH2
* 7 NADH
* 8 AcCoA
* = 129 ATPs
34
Title the figure
Energy gain from lipid metabolism
35
β-oxidation
36
8 Acetyl-CoA
37
Citric acid cycle
38
NADH, FADH2
39
Respiratory chain
## Footnote
*Electron transfer*
40
2H+ + 1/2O2 → H2O
41
Fatty cow syndrome
* Syndrome of anorexia + Ketonuria
* With fatty liver
* Occurs in overfat cows at calving
42
PAP
Phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase
43
Role of phosphoglycerides
Membrane constituents
44
Examples of phosphoglycerides
* Lecithin
* Cephalin
* Inositol phosphatides
45
General structure of phosphoglycerides
* Glycerol +
* FA +
* Phosphate
46
Lecithin role
* Emulsifier
* Component of cell membranes
47
Lecithin contains...
Choline
48
Cephalins are phosphoglycerides that contain...
Cholamine
49
Role of inositol phosphatides
* Membrane constituent
* 2nd messenger
50
Give the structure of myoinositol
51
Give an example of a plasmogen
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
52
Degradation by phospholipases can be observed in...
Snake venom (PLA2)
53
Main role of sphingolipids
Membrane constituents
* Mainly:
* Nerve cells
* Brain
54
Give examples of sphingolipids
* Sphingomyelin
* Cerebrosid
* Gangliosid
55
Composition of sphingomyelin
* No glycerol
* Two alcohols in the middle position
* Occupied by an amine
56
Galactocerebrosides are found mainly in...
Neuronal cell membranes
57
Sphingolipids containing several carbohydrates are known as...
Gangliosides
## Footnote
*Give identity of the cells: Such as blood group*
58
How is cholesterol transported?
Fatty acids of lecithin
59
What is the storage form of cholesterol?
Esterified by
* Palmitic acid
* Linoleic acid
60
Give the primary bile acids produced in the liver
* Cholic acid
* Chenodeoxycholic acid
61
Deoxycholic acid & lithocholic acid is produced in the...
Intestine
62
Cholesterol → Chenodeoxycholic acid/cholic acid is catalysed by...
7alpha-hydroxylase
## Footnote
*Rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis*
63
Bile acids are used in...
Digestion + absorption of fats + fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestines
64
Give examples of conjugated cholic acids
* Glycocholic acid
* Taurocholic acid
65
What is the largest cause of cholesterol breakdown in the body?
Hepatic synthesis of bile acids
66
Pregnenolone is involved in the synthesis of...
Vitamin A
67
Steroid hormones are hydroxylated by...
Mixed-function oxygenases/Steroid hydroxylases
68
Give the two fates of steroid hormone degradation
1. Reduction of an unsaturated bond, the introduction of OH groups
2. Formation of keto group at C-17
69
Beta-carotene structure
70
Fatty acid enters the mitochondrial matrix/IM space in the form of...
Fatty Acyl Carnitine
