Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

a condensation reaction between 2 nucleotides form what bond?

A

a phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name the 3 components that make up a nucleotide

A

pentose sugar, nitrogenous organic base, phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the 3 components of DNA

A

deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous organic base and a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA holds _______ information
.it is found in the ______.
________ are made from DNA.
Is a double ______. Is _____________

A

genetic information, nucleus, chromosomes, helix, antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how the structure of DNA affects properties?

A

Rarely mutates = stable (pass down generations)
Double helix + deoxyribose-phosphate backbone = genetic info protected from chemicals
Bases linked by H bonds = strands separate Easily during protein synthesis + replication
Large = carries lots of genetic info
Base pairing = ables to replicate and transfer info as mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In base pairings, each pair has an _____ amount to their complementary pair

A

equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many bonds between guanine and cytosine

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when nucleotides bond together, it is between…..

A

the phosphate group of one nucleotide + the pentose sugar of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

RNA is made up of….

A

ribose sugar, phosphate group + nitrogenous organic base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which base is replaced in RNA and whats its name?

A

Thymine is replaced, is replaced by Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many strands is RNA made up of?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RNA is:
__RNA transfers genetic info from DNA to _________ as DNA is too ______ to leave nucleus.
It is ____ lived

A

mRNA, ribosomes
large
short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is conservative DNA replication?

A

where the parent DNA stays the same and a new DNA is formed from random nucleotides (identical to parent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe semi-conservative DNA replication?

A
  1. Unwinding of double helix + H bonds break (DNA helicase)
  2. Half of parent strand acts as a template
  3. Free nucleotides pair up to complementary bases on parent strand
  4. Condensation reactions join adjacent nucleotides (DNA polymerase)
  5. Proofreading enzymes check for mutations
  6. 2 daughter DNA (each contain 1 strand of parent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what 2 enzymes are used in semi conservative replication and what is their role?

A

DNA polymerase = unzips DNA

DNA helicase = catalyses condensation reaction (joins nucleotides together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

who proved the semi conservative theory?

A

meselson and stahl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

After the 1st replication of bacteria grown in N15 then transferred to N14, where would the band be in the test tube and what will it contain?

A

it will be medium, made up of one strand of N15 and a strand of N14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the full name for ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ATP is a derives from…..

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is ATP made up of

A

ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does ADP stand for and how many phosphate groups does it have?

A

adenosine diphosphate and 2 phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

during the hydrolysis (phosphorylation) of ATP, what is the name of the enzyme that catalyses the reaction and what are the products of it?

A

ATP hydrolase

ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate ion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can the inorganic phosphate ion from the hydrolysis (phosphorylation) of ATP do?

A

phosphorylate other compounds to make more reactive i.e. lower activation energies

25
what reaction is the resynthesis of ATP?
condensation reaction during photo. or respiration
26
what is the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis (phosphorylation) of ATP
ATP synthase
27
the phosphorylation of ATP to ADP and ion energy is used for......
cellular work (respiration)
28
the synthesis (phosphorylation) of ATP energy comes from.....
energy from food
29
where is ATP found in animals and plants?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
30
Why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose?
- Releases smaller, more manageable units than glucose - Hydrolysis of ATP (phosphorylation) is a single reaction - Glucose takes more energy to hydrolyse (greater heat loss) - Glucose is not portable - Ions from phosphorylation can attach to enzymes
31
How is ATP used for these processes? - metabolic reactions - movement (muscle contraction) - active transport - secretion - activation of molecules
- building of macromolecules - energy for muscle filaments to slide past one another (shortens muscle fibre) - changes shape of carrier proteins in plasma membranes - needed for formation of lysosomes - inorganic ion can be used to phosphorylate compounds
32
How is water dipolar?
oxygen atom = slight - charge | hydrogen atom= slight + charge
33
how does hydrogen bonding occur between 2 water molecules?
opposite charges attract. Oxygen attracted to hydrogen (cohesion)
34
hydrogen bonds are: intercellular or extracellular?
extracellular
35
What bond is formed between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen on a single water molecule?
covalent bond
36
The 6 properties of water and why it is important: 1. a metabolite 2. solvent 3. high specific heat capacity 4. large latent heat of vaporisation 5. cohesion + surface tension
1. necessary for many reactions i.e. hydrolysis 2. allows chem reactions to take place, readily dissolves gasses, wastes, organic ions + acts as a transport medium 3. takes a lot of energy to break bonds (acts as a buffer against sudden temp changes) + keeps optimum temp for reactions, fluids in body + habitat 4. needs lots of energy to break bonds + evaporation of sweat = cools down 5. due to hydrogen bonding: H2O can be pulled up xylem. When H2O meets air = pulled back into body of water
37
what is the difference between organic and inorganic ions?
``` organic = carbon based inorganic = not based on carbon ```
38
where do inorganic ions occur? and their concentrations....
cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms in varying concentrations
39
ion has a specific ____ depending on _________.
role, properties
40
What is the function of the hydrogen ion?
determine pH of solution and so functioning enzymes
41
what is the function of iron ion?
found in haemoglobin, role of transporting oxygen
42
what is the function of sodium ion?
important in transport in glucose/amino acids across a plasma membrane
43
what is the function of the phosphate ion?
structural role in DNA and storing ATP
44
What are ribosomes formed from?
RNA and proteins
45
Why is it good that bases are linked by hydrogen bond?
strands separate easily during protein synthesis + replication
46
T or F: Adenine pairs with Thymine/Uracil
True
47
T or F: Guanine pairs with Adenine
False: G-C
48
RNA is a relatively ____ polynucleotide chain
short
49
what led to scientists doubting that DNA didn't hold the genetic code?
the relative simplicity of the molecule
50
what does semi-conservative replication ensure?
ensures genetic continuity between generations of cells
51
how did Meselson and Stahl support the theory of semi-conservative replication?
- all DNA bases nitrogenous - bacteria will incorporate N to make new DNA - using 2 isotopes: N14 (light) and N15 (heavy)
52
What does it mean that DNA is antiparallel?
1 strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction, the other runs opposite: 3' to 5'
53
what is 5' attached to? What is 3' attached to?
``` 5' = phosphate group 3' = 3' hydroxyl group (OH) ```
54
DNA polymerase can only attach nucleotides to the _________ group on the __ prime carbon molecule
1. hydroxyl | 2. 3(')
55
ATP to ADP = ____thermic reaction | ADP to ATP = ____thermic reaction
1. exothermic | 2. Endothermic
56
ATP is synthesised during reactions that release ________. Hydrolysed to provide ____ for reactions.
energy, energy
57
what is the name for the synthesis of ATP in chlorophyll during photosynthesis?
photophosphorylation
58
what is the name for the synthesis of ATP in plant + animal cells during respiration?
oxidative phosphorylation
59
what is the name for the synthesis of ATP in plant + animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP?
substrate-level phosphorylation

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions