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Biology > Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleic acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a condensation reaction between 2 nucleotides form what bond?

A

a phosphodiester bond

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2
Q

name the 3 components that make up a nucleotide

A

pentose sugar, nitrogenous organic base, phosphate group

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3
Q

what is the 3 components of DNA

A

deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous organic base and a phosphate group

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4
Q

DNA holds _______ information
.it is found in the ______.
________ are made from DNA.
Is a double ______. Is _____________

A

genetic information, nucleus, chromosomes, helix, antiparallel

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5
Q

how the structure of DNA affects properties?

A

Rarely mutates = stable (pass down generations)
Double helix + deoxyribose-phosphate backbone = genetic info protected from chemicals
Bases linked by H bonds = strands separate Easily during protein synthesis + replication
Large = carries lots of genetic info
Base pairing = ables to replicate and transfer info as mRNA

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6
Q

In base pairings, each pair has an _____ amount to their complementary pair

A

equal

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7
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine?

A

2

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8
Q

how many bonds between guanine and cytosine

A

3

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9
Q

when nucleotides bond together, it is between…..

A

the phosphate group of one nucleotide + the pentose sugar of another

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10
Q

RNA is made up of….

A

ribose sugar, phosphate group + nitrogenous organic base

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11
Q

Which base is replaced in RNA and whats its name?

A

Thymine is replaced, is replaced by Uracil

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12
Q

how many strands is RNA made up of?

A

1

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13
Q

RNA is:
__RNA transfers genetic info from DNA to _________ as DNA is too ______ to leave nucleus.
It is ____ lived

A

mRNA, ribosomes
large
short

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14
Q

What is conservative DNA replication?

A

where the parent DNA stays the same and a new DNA is formed from random nucleotides (identical to parent)

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15
Q

describe semi-conservative DNA replication?

A
  1. Unwinding of double helix + H bonds break (DNA helicase)
  2. Half of parent strand acts as a template
  3. Free nucleotides pair up to complementary bases on parent strand
  4. Condensation reactions join adjacent nucleotides (DNA polymerase)
  5. Proofreading enzymes check for mutations
  6. 2 daughter DNA (each contain 1 strand of parent)
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16
Q

what 2 enzymes are used in semi conservative replication and what is their role?

A

DNA polymerase = unzips DNA

DNA helicase = catalyses condensation reaction (joins nucleotides together)

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17
Q

who proved the semi conservative theory?

A

meselson and stahl

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18
Q

After the 1st replication of bacteria grown in N15 then transferred to N14, where would the band be in the test tube and what will it contain?

A

it will be medium, made up of one strand of N15 and a strand of N14

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19
Q

what is the full name for ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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20
Q

ATP is a derives from…..

A

nucleotides

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21
Q

what is ATP made up of

A

ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate groups

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22
Q

what does ADP stand for and how many phosphate groups does it have?

A

adenosine diphosphate and 2 phosphate groups

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23
Q

during the hydrolysis (phosphorylation) of ATP, what is the name of the enzyme that catalyses the reaction and what are the products of it?

A

ATP hydrolase

ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate ion)

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24
Q

What can the inorganic phosphate ion from the hydrolysis (phosphorylation) of ATP do?

A

phosphorylate other compounds to make more reactive i.e. lower activation energies

25
Q

what reaction is the resynthesis of ATP?

A

condensation reaction during photo. or respiration

26
Q

what is the enzyme which catalyses the synthesis (phosphorylation) of ATP

A

ATP synthase

27
Q

the phosphorylation of ATP to ADP and ion energy is used for……

A

cellular work (respiration)

28
Q

the synthesis (phosphorylation) of ATP energy comes from…..

A

energy from food

29
Q

where is ATP found in animals and plants?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

30
Q

Why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose?

A
  • Releases smaller, more manageable units than glucose
  • Hydrolysis of ATP (phosphorylation) is a single reaction
  • Glucose takes more energy to hydrolyse (greater heat loss)
  • Glucose is not portable
  • Ions from phosphorylation can attach to enzymes
31
Q

How is ATP used for these processes?

  • metabolic reactions
  • movement (muscle contraction)
  • active transport
  • secretion
  • activation of molecules
A
  • building of macromolecules
  • energy for muscle filaments to slide past one another (shortens muscle fibre)
  • changes shape of carrier proteins in plasma membranes
  • needed for formation of lysosomes
  • inorganic ion can be used to phosphorylate compounds
32
Q

How is water dipolar?

A

oxygen atom = slight - charge

hydrogen atom= slight + charge

33
Q

how does hydrogen bonding occur between 2 water molecules?

A

opposite charges attract. Oxygen attracted to hydrogen (cohesion)

34
Q

hydrogen bonds are: intercellular or extracellular?

A

extracellular

35
Q

What bond is formed between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen on a single water molecule?

A

covalent bond

36
Q

The 6 properties of water and why it is important:

  1. a metabolite
  2. solvent
  3. high specific heat capacity
  4. large latent heat of vaporisation
  5. cohesion + surface tension
A
  1. necessary for many reactions i.e. hydrolysis
  2. allows chem reactions to take place, readily dissolves gasses, wastes, organic ions + acts as a transport medium
  3. takes a lot of energy to break bonds (acts as a buffer against sudden temp changes) + keeps optimum temp for reactions, fluids in body + habitat
  4. needs lots of energy to break bonds + evaporation of sweat = cools down
  5. due to hydrogen bonding: H2O can be pulled up xylem. When H2O meets air = pulled back into body of water
37
Q

what is the difference between organic and inorganic ions?

A 
organic = carbon based 
inorganic = not based on carbon
38
Q

where do inorganic ions occur? and their concentrations….

A

cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms in varying concentrations

39
Q

ion has a specific ____ depending on _________.

A

role, properties

40
Q

What is the function of the hydrogen ion?

A

determine pH of solution and so functioning enzymes

41
Q

what is the function of iron ion?

A

found in haemoglobin, role of transporting oxygen

42
Q

what is the function of sodium ion?

A

important in transport in glucose/amino acids across a plasma membrane

43
Q

what is the function of the phosphate ion?

A

structural role in DNA and storing ATP

44
Q

What are ribosomes formed from?

A

RNA and proteins

45
Q

Why is it good that bases are linked by hydrogen bond?

A

strands separate easily during protein synthesis + replication

46
Q

T or F: Adenine pairs with Thymine/Uracil

A

True

47
Q

T or F: Guanine pairs with Adenine

A

False: G-C

48
Q

RNA is a relatively ____ polynucleotide chain

A

short

49
Q

what led to scientists doubting that DNA didn’t hold the genetic code?

A

the relative simplicity of the molecule

50
Q

what does semi-conservative replication ensure?

A

ensures genetic continuity between generations of cells

51
Q

how did Meselson and Stahl support the theory of semi-conservative replication?

A
  • all DNA bases nitrogenous
  • bacteria will incorporate N to make new DNA
  • using 2 isotopes: N14 (light) and N15 (heavy)
52
Q

What does it mean that DNA is antiparallel?

A

1 strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, the other runs opposite: 3’ to 5’

53
Q

what is 5’ attached to? What is 3’ attached to?

A 
5' = phosphate group 
3' = 3' hydroxyl group (OH)
54
Q

DNA polymerase can only attach nucleotides to the _________ group on the __ prime carbon molecule

A
  1. hydroxyl

2. 3(‘)

55
Q

ATP to ADP = ____thermic reaction

ADP to ATP = ____thermic reaction

A
  1. exothermic

2. Endothermic

56
Q

ATP is synthesised during reactions that release ________. Hydrolysed to provide ____ for reactions.

A

energy, energy

57
Q

what is the name for the synthesis of ATP in chlorophyll during photosynthesis?

A

photophosphorylation

58
Q

what is the name for the synthesis of ATP in plant + animal cells during respiration?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

59
Q

what is the name for the synthesis of ATP in plant + animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

Biology (25 decks)

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