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Mass Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the functions of these blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins

A 
art = carry oxygenated blood away from heart
arteri = control blood flow to capillaries 
capil = link art to veins and carry out exchange 
vein = carry deoxygenated blood back to heart
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2
Q

why do arteries have thick muscle layer (compared to veins) and thick walls?

A

muscle layer = allow constrict and dilate/recoil to control volume of blood thru them
thick walls = resists bursting under pressure

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3
Q

why do arteries have a thick elastic layer (compared to veins)?

A

because it maintains high pressure thru stretching in systole/recoiling in diastole

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4
Q

why is there the aortic SLV but no other valves in arteries?

A

SLV prevents backflow of blood back into left ventricle. No other valves as blood under high pressure

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5
Q

why do arterioles have thicker muscle layer compared to arteries?

A
  • contraction = constriction of lumen, increase pressure
  • recoils = decrease pressure
  • helps to control blood flow to capillaries
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6
Q

why do arterioles have a thinner elastic layer compared to arteries?

A

blood is at lower pressure so reduced risk of bursting

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7
Q

why to veins have a thinner muscle layer and elastic layer compared to arteries?

A

muscle: constriction/dilation of lumen does not control blood flow
elastic: blood low pressure, low risk of bursting so no recoil

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8
Q

why are valves present in veins?

A

prevents backflow as blood under low pressure, ensure pressure directed to heart

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9
Q

why are capillaries 1 cell thick and what is this called?

A

called endothelium: short diffusion pathway = rapid diffusion

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10
Q

why is there lots of capillaries and why are they highly branched?

A

large SA for exchange

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11
Q

why do capillaries have narrow diameter and lumen?

A

permeate tissues (no cell far from them) = reduces diffusion pathway

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12
Q

why to capillaries have spaces between their endothelial cells?

A

allow white blood cells to escape and deal with infection in tissue

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13
Q

what are capillary beds and why important?

A

a network of capillaries:

  • blood flow is slow = increase time for diffu.
  • large SA = increase rate of exchange
  • exchange of nutrients, hormones, gases and wastes
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14
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A
  • blood plasma minus the plasma proteins and erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • bathes all tissues
  • transport medium between blood and cells (supplies H2O, amino acids, fatty acids, glucose and receives CO2, waste material)
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15
Q

what is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph?

A

lymph: excess tissue fluid without nutrients more fatty acids and CO2, less O2

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16
Q

capillaries narrow than arterioles so pressure builds up this is called ________ _____and this causes tissue fluid to _____ ____ of blood plasma

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure

2. move out

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17
Q

name the 2 factors that oppose the outward hydrostatic pressure (tissue fluid)

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid on capillaries from outside
  2. lower H2O potential due to plasma proteins (too large to leave capillaries)
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18
Q

when tissue fluid is pushed out of capillary by the _______ _______ it leaves the cells and ______ as they are too ______. This is called _________.

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure
  2. proteins
  3. large
  4. ultrafiltration
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19
Q

Return of tissue fluid to circulatory system:

  1. loss of tissue fluid at _________ end ______ hydrostatic pressure in them.
  2. ________ end of capillary: hydrostatic pressure ______ outside the capillary so _____ is forced ____ capillary
  3. plasma still has _____ so has a ______ water potential than tissue fluid
  4. so water _____ tissue by ________ down a conc. gradient
  5. remaining tissue fluid enters _________ ______ which will drain back into ____ close to the ____.
A
  1. arteriole, reduces
  2. venule, higher, water, into
  3. proteins, lower
  4. leaves, osmosis
  5. lymphatic system, veins, heart
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20
Q

how is the contents of the lymphatic system moved? (2 ways)

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid that left capillaries
  2. contraction of body muscles
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21
Q

describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of haemoglobin

A 
pri = sequence of amino acids 
sec = alpha helices 
ter = folded into a precise 3D shape
quat = 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains) and 4 haem groups
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22
Q

1 haemoglobin can:
carry ___ oxygen molecules
carry ___ oxygen atoms

A

4 molecules

8 atoms

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23
Q

the haem group is an ____ ion and only binds with ___ oxygen _______.

A

iron, 1 , molecule

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24
Q

red blood cells are also called…

A

erythrocytes

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25
Q

why do erythrocytes not have any nucleus? (2 reasons)

A

more room for haemoglobin, increases oxygen carrying capacity

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26
Q

why do erythrocytes have a biconcave shape? (2 reasons)

A
  • scrapes edges along capillary wall (shorter distance for diffu.)
  • if spherical shape: haemoglobin too far from membrane = less diffu.
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27
Q

why do erythrocytes have an increased SA:V? (2 reasons)

A
  • increases SA where O2 can diffu.

- all haemoglobin molecules close to cell surface membrane = reduces diffu. pathway

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28
Q

why are erythrocytes flexible?

A

bend/squeeze thru narrow capillaries

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29
Q

role of haemoglobin?

A

transport oxygen from lungs to respiring tissues

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30
Q

definition of affinity

A

chemical attraction between molecules which results in the formation of a new molecule

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31
Q

what is loading/associating? where does it occur? and what affinity?

A
  • process by which haemoglobin binds with O
  • in the lungs/alveoli
    + high affinity with O
32
Q

what is unloading/dissociating? where does it occur? and what affinity?

A
  • process by which haemoglobin releases O
  • occurs at tissues
    + low affinity with O
    (respiring tissues produce CO2, carbonic acid = decreases pH of blood plasma = changes the shape of haemoglobin = O released)
33
Q

name the 2 reasons why organisms have different haemoglobins

A
  1. different environmental conditions i.e. altitude

2. slightly different tertiary and quaternary structure = different binding properties

34
Q

llamas live at high altitude where the pO2 is ____. so their haemoglobin has a ______ affinity and loads _____ O2. Their curve shifts to the _______ of the human one.

A
  1. low
  2. higher
  3. more
  4. left
35
Q

definition of partial pressure

A

pressure that would be exerted by 1 gas in a mixture if it occupied the same volume on its own

36
Q

where is the pO2 the highest and where is it the lowest? and what does it cause?

A 
highest = lungs (loading) 
lowest = blood circulation/respiring tissues (unloading)
37
Q

what is haemoglobin called when its saturated with oxygen?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

38
Q

explain positive cooperativity

A
  1. binding of 1st O2 molecule hard, polypeptide subunits close together
  2. 1st molecule binds, easier for 2nd and 3rd = changes quaternary structure slightly
  3. 4th molecule hard to bind = less likely to bind as most binding sites occupied
39
Q

The further left the curve….

A

the greater the affinity of haemoglobin for O (so loads more readily but unloads less easily)

40
Q

what does the Bohr shift show?

A

influence of CO2 conc. on O2 dissociation curve

  • o2 has lower affinity with haemoglobin in presence of CO2
  • increase CO2, increase unloading
41
Q

in humans normally not all __ binding sites filled (normally ___% saturation). Low_______ tissue normally __ molecule ____ released (75% saturated back to lungs). Lots of ______ usually ___ molecules ______.

A
  1. 4
  2. 97
  3. respiring
  4. 1
  5. unloaded
  6. respiration
  7. 3
  8. unloaded
42
Q

why do large organisms need a transport system? (3 reasons)

A
  • cells need constant supply of O2/nutrients
  • constant removal of CO2
  • large animals small SA:V so diffu. too slow
43
Q

the smaller the SA:V the ____ active the organism is so a _____ is needed

A

more, pump

44
Q

name the reasons why H2O and a closed system is used in transport systems

A 
H2O = readily dissolves substances/moved around easily 
closed = blood confined to vessels/forms branching network which distributes to all parts
45
Q

why is a mechanism for moving transport medium important in transport systems?

A
  • requires a pressure difference (hight to low)

- pump (animals), evap. (plants)

46
Q

what does it mean by a double circulatory system and why is it important?

A

blood passed thru heart twice, as when it comes back from lungs pressure low. 2nd pump increases pressure which is needed to pass blood around body to tissues.

47
Q

what is the name of the artery and the vein for the kidneys?

A

renal artery and renal vein

48
Q

The heart:

  1. Right side: ________ blood from body via ____ ____
  2. Left side: _______ blood from lungs via _______ ______.
  3. The _________ valves are located on both sides of the heart (______ on the left and ______ on the right).
A
  1. deoxygenated, vena cava
  2. oxygenated, pulmonary vein
  3. atrioventricular , bicuspid, tricuspid, atria
49
Q

why are the ventricle walls thicker than atria walls?

A

need to contract strongly to pump blood to lungs/body, increasing pressure

50
Q

what is the role of coronary arteries and what is a myocardial infarction?

A
  • supply oxygenated blood to heart for respiration
    + heart attack, happens when coronary arteries blocked
    + area of heart deprived of O2 = unable to respire
51
Q

name the risks associated with cardiovascular disease?

A
  • smoking
  • high blood pressure
  • Diet (lots of low-density lipoproteins)
52
Q

describe what happens in diastole (atrial and ventricular)

A
  1. heart muscles relaxed
  2. atria fills with blood
  3. SLV close (prevents backflow of blood into ventricles)
  4. pressure in atrium exceeds that of ventricles = AV open
53
Q

describe what happens in atrial systole

A
  1. walls of atria contracts
  2. blood forced into ventricles
  3. walls of ventricles relaxed
54
Q

describe what happens in ventricular systole

A
  1. ventricles contract
  2. AV shut (tendons prevent inversion)
  3. pressure in ventricles exceeds blood vessels = blood thru SLV
  4. pressure in aorta/pulmonary artery exceeds ventricles = SLV close
55
Q

The haemoglobins are a group of _______ similar molecules found in many different __________.

A

chemically, organisms

56
Q

Haemoglobin is a _______with a __________structure.

A

protein, quaternary

57
Q

the further right the curve….

A

the lower the affinity of haemoglobin for O (loads less easily but unloads more easily)

58
Q

Shape of human O dissociation curve:

  1. why is the gradient of the curve initially shallow?
  2. Why does the gradient steepen?
  3. Why does it flatten out?
A

due to positive cooperativity:

  1. difficult for 1 O to bind
  2. easier for 2nd/3rd
  3. spaces occupied
59
Q

for the Bohr shift: what happens at the gas exchange surface and what direction does the curve shift?

A
  • O readily loaded

- dissociation curve shifts to the left

60
Q

for the Bohr shift: what happens at respiring tissues and what direction does the curve shift?

A
  • O readily unloaded

- dissociation curve shifts to the right

61
Q

more respiration….

A
  • more CO2 produced = lower the pH

- greater haemoglobin shape change = more readily O unloaded

62
Q

when the tide goes out H2O left in burrow has low O levels. How is the lugworm’s haemoglobin adapted to this?

A
  • haemoglobin can load O more readily/easily at low pO2

- dissociation curve shifts to left of humans

63
Q

what 2 things determine if a transport system needs a pump?

A
  • the SA:V

- how active the organism is

64
Q

why is unidirectional flow important in a transport system?

A

maintains mass flow movement in one direction i.e. valves

65
Q

importance of a closed, double circulatory system?

A 
closed = blood confined to vessels 
double = blood passed thru heart twice (increases pressure for blood to pass thru body, so keep high temp + metabolism)
66
Q

name the blood vessels that:

  1. enter the heart
  2. leave the heart
  3. enter the lungs
  4. leave the lungs
  5. enter the kidneys
  6. leave the kidneys
A
  1. vena cava
  2. aorta
  3. pulmonary artery
  4. pulmonary vein
  5. renal artery
  6. renal vein
67
Q

why does the heart have 2 adjacent pumps?

A
  • to keep oxygenated/deoxygenated blood separate

- to keep the pressure high

68
Q

How does smoking increase risk of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • nicotine stimulates adrenaline = increase heart rate/pressure
  • CO reduces O2 carrying capacity
69
Q

how does high blood pressure increase risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

heart works harder to pump blood into arteries = more likely for arteries to have aneurysm + burst or become thicker (restricting flow)

70
Q

how does diet increase risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

(lots of low-density lipoproteins) = transport cholesterol from liver to artery walls

71
Q

why do atrioventricular valves close?

A

prevent the backflow of blood from ventricles into atria as pressure in ventricles exceeds that of atria

72
Q

role of the Semi lunar valves

A

prevents the backflow of blood from aorta/pulmonary artery into the ventricles as the pressure in them exceeds that of ventricles

73
Q

role of pocket valves and where they located?

A
  • located in veins in venous system

- blood flows towards the heart

74
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped by 1 ventricle of the heart in 1 min

75
Q

how id cardiac output measured?

A

heart rate x stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out of heart at each beat)

Biology (25 decks)

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