Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define species

A

a group of similar organisms which can interbreed to produce living, fertile offspring and occupy the same ecological niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the binomial system?

A

name given to an animal consisting of the name of its genus and species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give the 3 features of the binomial system

A
  1. Generic (genus) name = has capital letter
  2. Specific (species) name = lower case
  3. written in italics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name at 4 reasons why courtship is important

A
  1. allow to recognise own species
  2. identify if mate capable of breeding (receptive)
  3. form a pair bond (successful mating/raising of young)
  4. synchronise mating (max. probability of sperm meeting ovum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does courtship allow animals to recognise own species?

A

specific chain of actions between a male + female (same for same species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name the 2 forms of biological classification and which one do we use today?

A
  • artificial classification

- phylogenetic classification (we use this one)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is artificial classification? and why is it not used?

A

organisms classified according to analogous characteristics

- analogous: same function but have different evolutionary origins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is phylogenetic classification?

A
  • based on evolutionary relationships between organisms and ancestors (similar DNA/homologous features)
  • is a hierarchy where smaller groups are placed within larger composite groups. DON’T OVERLAP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the name given to the groups in phylogenetic classification?

A

taxon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which is the highest taxonomic rank?

A

Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name the 3 domains

A
  1. Bacteria: single celled prokaryotes
  2. Archaea: singled celled prokaryotes. Does not have meurin in cell walls
  3. Eukarya: group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name the taxonomic ranks in order

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

eukarya domain is split into 4 kingdoms, what are they?

A

animalia, plantae, protoctista, fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is polygeny?

A

the evolutionary relationship between organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define ecosystem diversity

A

range of habitats from a small local habitat to the Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define species richness

A

measure of the number of different species in a community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define species diversity

A

no. of different species + no. of individuals of those species within a community (takes account relative abundance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define genetic diversity

A

differences in the DNA/genes by individuals of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define biodiversity

A

no. + variety of living organisms in a particular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the formula for species diversity? and what is it called?

A

Simpson’s Diversity Index

d = N (N-1) / Σn (n-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the letters mean in the diversity index?

A 
d = diversity index 
N = total no. of organisms of all species 
n = total no. of organisms in each species 
Σ = sum of
22
Q

Farming techniques _______ biodiversity

A

reduce

23
Q

name 3 practices that directly remove habitat/reduce diversity in farming

A

removal of hedgerows, draining marshlands, creating monocultures, overgrazing of land

24
Q

name 3 farming practices that indirectly reduce biodiversity

A

using pesticides, leaching of effluent into waterways, absences of crop rotation/intercropping or undersowing

25
Q

name 5 conservation techniques that could be used on a farm

A
  1. maintaining hedgerows,
  2. maintain/create ponds
  3. use biological control
  4. use organic fertilisers
  5. use crop rotation with nitrogen fixing crop
26
Q

The Department for __________, Food and Rural Affairs give ______ incentives to farmers.

A

Environment, financial

27
Q

define interspecific competition

A

competition between organisms of different species

28
Q

define interspecific variation

A

differences between organisms of different species

29
Q

define intraspecific competition

A

competition between organisms of the same species

30
Q

define intraspecific variation

A

differences between organisms of the same species

31
Q

Genetic diversity within, or between species, can be made by comparing what 5 things?

A
  • the frequency of measurable or observable characteristics
  • the base sequence of DNA
  • the base sequence of mRNA
  • the amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by DNA and mRNA.
  • immunological comparison of proteins
32
Q

explain how comparing observable characteristics work

A
  • based on the fact that characteristics are determined by gene(s)
  • the variety within characteristic depends on no./ variety of alleles of that gene + environmental influences
33
Q

name the limitations of comparing observable characteristics

A
  • can be coded by more than one gene (polygenic)

- characteristics due to different environments not alleles

34
Q

explain how comparing DNA base sequences works

A
  • sequencing DNA (each base has specific colour, produces different coloured band)
  • more closely related = more similarity in DNA base sequence
35
Q

explain how comparing mRNA base sequences works

A
  • mRNA coded by DNA, mRNA bases complementary to DNA

- so can compare genetic diversity based on sequence

36
Q

explain how comparing amino acids in proteins works

A
  • sequence of amino acids determined by sequences of mRNA and DNA
  • the more similar amino acid sequence in same protein in 2 different species = indicates relation
37
Q

explain how the immunological comparisons are used to investigate variations in proteins

A

the principle: antibodies of one species will respond to specific antigens on proteins, i.e. such as albumin
- the higher the precipitate, the more related

38
Q

gene technology has caused change in the methods of investigating genetics diversity. Changed from observable characteristics to…..

A

direct investigation of DNA sequences

39
Q

define sampling bias

A

selection process may be biased (either done unknowingly or deliberately)

40
Q

define chance

A

even if sampling bias is avoided, by some individuals by chance may not be representative

41
Q

what is the best way to eliminate bias?

A

use random sampling (large sample size and analyse results using stat tests)

42
Q

what is the normal shape of the distribution curve?

A

bell shaped, symmetrical about a central

43
Q

on a normal distribution curve what shows the mean?

A

the max. height of the curve

44
Q

where is s.d. on a graph?

A

the width of the curve (range of values)

45
Q

why do we use s.d.? (4 reasons)

A
  1. shows the spread of all measurements about the mean
  2. includes all measurements (range doesn’t)
  3. reduces influences of extreme values
  4. allows for stat tests
46
Q

if the s.d. don’t overlap then…..

A

there is a statistically significant difference between the means of the data and so highly unlikely to be due to chance

47
Q

if the error bars overlap then…

A

there is no significant difference between the means of the data and so it is a high probability it is due to chance

48
Q

what % of values are within 1 s.d. of the mean?

A

65%

49
Q

what % of values are within 2 s.d. of the mean?

A

95%

50
Q

what % of values are within 3 s.d. of the mean?

A

99%

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions