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Biology > Exchange > Flashcards

Exchange Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ___ and _______ rate of an organism affects the rate of exchange.

A

size, metabolic

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2
Q

What happens to the SA:V as a cell increases?

A

it decreases

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3
Q

How do you calculate SA:V ?

A

SA / V

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4
Q

Why do small, inactive organisms not have a specialised gas exchange?

A
  • Large SA to V

- Substances can diffuse in/out quick enough as substances don’t have to travel far to get to cells

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5
Q

what are the 3 reasons why large organisms need a specialised circulatory system

A
  • need to meet metabolic requirement
  • V increases at a faster rate than SA
  • Cells too far away from outer surface, too long for diffusion
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6
Q

Name the 4 features of specialised gas exchange

A
  • Large SA:V = increases exchange rate
  • Very thin = diffusion pathway short
  • selectively permeable = allow selected materials across
  • movement of internal (i.e. blood) and environmental medium (i.e. air) = allow diffusion gradient
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7
Q

describe gas exchange in a single celled organisms

A
  • no specialised gas exchange
  • large SA:V
  • short diffusion pathway
  • diffusion rapid enough to allow O2 (respiration) in and CO2 out (toxic)
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8
Q

name the 3 main parts of the tracheal system of an insect

A

spiracles, trachea, tracheoles

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9
Q

Name the 3 ways gases move in/out of tracheal system

A
  • ends of tracheoles filled with H2O
  • mass transport
  • Along a diffusion pathway
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10
Q

explain how the end of the tracheoles filled with H2O help gases move in/out of insect

A
  1. anaerobic respiration = lactate produced
  2. lactate soluble = lowers H2O potential of cells
  3. H2O moves into cells (osmosis)
  4. volume of H2O in tracheoles reduced
  5. air drawn in further
  6. liquid diffusion pathway = diffusion rapid
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11
Q

explain mass transport of gases in an insect

A
  1. contraction of muscles squeeze trachea
  2. mass movement of air in/out
  3. speeds up exchange of gases
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12
Q

explain how gases in insects move along a diffusion pathway

A
  1. cells respiring, O2 reduced = conc. reduced in tracheoles
  2. creates diffusion gradient = O2 diffuses into trachea/tracheoles
  3. CO2 produced = creates gradient in opposite direction
  4. CO2 leaves
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13
Q

Name the components of the specialised gas exchange in fish

A

gills (covered by operculum), gill filaments, gill arch, blood vessels, lamellae

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14
Q

explain countercurrent flow

A

blood and O2 flow in OPPOSITE directions so:

  • conc. of O2 in H2O always slightly more than blood, NEVER REACHES EQUILIBRIUM
  • diffusion gradient maintained across whole lamellae
  • ventilation (brings O2 to gills) allows mass transport = carrying O2 away: steep conc. gradient
  • 80% of O2 diffuses into blood
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15
Q

explain why co-current or parallel flow is not used

A
  • diffusion gradient maintained for only half distance across lamellae
  • no net diffusion (when conc. equilibrates)
  • only 50% of O2 diffuses into blood
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16
Q

why are these used in fish: gill filaments, lamellae, epithelium and blood vessels

A

gill filaments = increase SA
lamellae = increase SA further
epithelium = short diffusion pathway
blood vessels = conc. gradient

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17
Q

what processes in plants maintain the diffusion gradients?

A
  • photosynthesis (CO2 diffuses in from external air) and - respiration (O2 diffuses from external air)
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18
Q

Adaptation of leaves: In leaves diffusion takes place in ___ phase. Air spaces ______ compared to V of tissue. Many interconnecting __ spaces so gases readily come into contact with ________ cells. Large _____ ____ of _______ cells so there is rapid diffusion. Lots of ______, no cell far from a stoma = _____ diffusion pathway.

A
  1. gas
  2. large
  3. air
  4. mesophyll
  5. surface area
  6. mesophyll
  7. stomata
  8. stoma
  9. short
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19
Q

stomata are surrounded by ______ cells which open/close stomatal ________.

A

guard cells, aperture

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20
Q

an increase in _______ acid can trigger ____ ions to flow into _____ cell, _____ H2O potential. This increases ______ so guard cell ____ stomata.

A
  1. abscisic
  2. K+
  3. stomata
  4. lowering
  5. turgor
  6. opens
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21
Q

How does a thick waxy cuticle reduce H2O loss in xerophytic plants

A

waterproof so less H2O escapes i.e. holly

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22
Q

how does hairy leaves and stomata in pits/grooves reduce H2O loss

A

traps still/moist air. H2O potential gradient reduced both in/out leaf. Reduces evap. i.e. pine trees

23
Q

how does the rolling up of leaves reduce H2O loss

A

traps still air. High water potential. No water potential gradient between in/out of cell. No water loss. i.e. marram grass

24
Q

how does reducing SA:V of leaves reduce H2O loss

A

as a smaller SA:V slower rate of diffusion i.e. pine needles

25
Q

How do insects limit H2O loss (4 ways)

A
  • Small SA:V (minimise area where H2O is lost)
  • waterproof cuticle covering exoskeleton
  • spiracles closed majority of time
  • tiny hairs around spiracles, humid = trap H2O
26
Q

The trachea is supported by what and what 2 cells line the wall of the trachea?

A

+ supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage

  • goblet cells = secrete mucus
  • ciliated epithelial cells = moves mucus up to pharynx where it goes down oesophagus to stomach
27
Q

describe the bronchi

A
  • 2 divisions of trachea
  • have muscle and ciliated cells.
  • Have cartilage but amount decreases as bronchi gets smaller
28
Q

What 3 part make up the alveoli?

A
  • collagen
  • elastic fibres
  • epithelial cells
29
Q

why do alveoli contain elastic fibres

A

so they can stretch when filled and recoil so CO2 can be expelled

30
Q

Is this true or false: gases move from an area of low pressure to high pressure

A

false: gases move from an area of high to low pressure

31
Q

describe what happens during inspiration/inhalation

A
  1. external intercostal muscles contract
  2. diaphragm contracts/flattens
  3. volume of thorax increases
  4. atmospheric pressure is greater than inside lungs
  5. air moves down a concentration gradient into lungs
32
Q

describe what happens during expiration/exhalation

A
  1. internal intercostal muscles contract
  2. diaphragm relaxes
  3. volume of thorax decreases
  4. atmospheric pressure lower than inside lungs
  5. air moves down concentration gradient out of lungs
33
Q

define tidal volume and its units

A

volume of air inspired with each breath at rest - dm3

34
Q

define ventilation rate and its units

A

no. of breaths in 1 min. min-1

35
Q

define pulmonary ventilation rate and its units

A

total volume of air moved into lungs in 1 min. dm3 min-3

36
Q

define total lung capacity

A

total volume of air contained in the lung at the end of max. inhalation

37
Q

define vital capacity

A

max. volume of air a person can expel after max. inhalation in 1 breath

38
Q

define residual volume

A

volume of gas remaining in lung at end of max. exhalation

39
Q

define the equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x ventilation rate

40
Q

define the equation for cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

41
Q

Alveoli have a single layer of _________ cells whereas blood capillaries have a single layer of ________ cells

A
  1. epithelium

2. endothelium

42
Q
  • Red blood cells pass ______ through capillaries = ______ time for ______.
  • Red blood cells _______ against capillary wall and walls are very ___ = diffusion pathway _______
  • Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries have large ______ ____.
  • ______ flow thru capillaries = maintains ______
  • breathing and ______ of the heart = ________ and circulating the blood keeps ____ conc. gradient
A
  1. slowly, more, diffusion
  2. flatten, thin, short
  3. surface area
  4. blood, gradient
  5. pumping, ventilating, steep
43
Q

define Ficks law and what does it mean

A

diffusion = SA x Difference in conc. gradient / length of diffusion pathway

  • diffusion is directly proportional to SA and difference in conc.
  • inversely proportional to length of pathway
44
Q

What does pulmonary fibrosis do and why does it make it harder to take in O2?

A
  • reduces elasticity in lungs = lung recoil decreases
    + alveoli can’t expand/contract/recoil
    + smaller SA = less O2/CO2 exchanged, conc. gradient decreases
45
Q

What does asthma do and why does it make it harder to take in O2?

A
  • inflammation of bronchi/bronchioles, more mucus produced
    + increased resistance to air flow = smaller volume of air into lungs/alveoli
    + so decrease in O2 conc. diffusion of O2 decreases
46
Q

What does emphysema do and why does it make it harder to take in O2?

A
  • elastin protein in lungs damaged = reduces elasticity
    + alveoli unable to expand/recoil/stretch
    + less O2 enters/less CO2 leaves = decrease in CO2/O2 conc. gradient
    + SA for diffusion decreases, less diffusion
47
Q

name the 5 main risk factors for lung disease

A

smoking, pollution, genetic makeup, infections, occupation i.e. miner

48
Q

When analysing data: just because there is a _______ does not imply _______. Does not show a specific variable ____ the other due to the fact that there are other ______. Also there is normally a delay between cause and ______.

A
  1. correlation
  2. causation
  3. causes
  4. factors
  5. effect
49
Q

what are the 2 things you need to do to prove a specific factor causes an outcome

A
  1. a hypothesis to explain current correlation

2. perform experiments to prove causal relationships

50
Q

Name at least 3 restrictions on the sources of smoking

A
  • reducing tobacco products
  • health warnings on packaging
  • ban on advertising smoking
  • minimum age of smoking
  • smoking banned in areas/places
51
Q

____ transport maintains the final ______ gradients that bring substances to/from the cell membranes of individual cells. Also maintains a stable environment (____ fluid)

A

mass, diffusion, tissue

52
Q

What 2 cells is the bronchioles made up of?

A

muscle cells lined with epithelial cells

muscle constrict = control air flow

53
Q

where does gas exchange take place?

A

the alveolar epithelium

54
Q

why do alveoli have a large SA and very thin walls?

A

increase rate of diffusion

Biology (25 decks)

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