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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the attachment protein do on a virus?

A

proteins used by virus to identify + attach to host cells

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2
Q

what is the role of the capsid on a virus?

A

encloses 2 single strands of RNA + enzymes.

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3
Q

The genetic material in a virus?

A

contains genetic material to reproduce

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4
Q

role of the lipid envelope on a virus?

A

have attachment proteins

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5
Q

what is the matrix in a virus?

A

layer of proteins situated under outer envelope

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6
Q

what is the role of reverse transcriptase in a virus?

A

catalyses production of DNA from RNA

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7
Q

what are the ribosomes in bacteria? + their role

A

70s ribosomes. polypeptide synthesis

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8
Q

role of nucleoid (circular DNA) in bacteria?

A

processes genetic info

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9
Q

role of plasmids in bacteria?

A

codes for antibiotic resistant properties, can be transfered to other cells

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10
Q

role of the slime capsule in bacteria? (3)

A
  • prevents drying out
  • prevent being engulfed by white blood cells
  • helps group bacteria together
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11
Q

role of the cell wall in bacteria?

A
  • gives cell strength
  • prevents osmotic lysis
  • prevents certain substances from entering
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12
Q

what is the cell wall made out of in a bacteria cell?

A

meurin (glycoprotein)

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13
Q

role of flagellum (prokary)

A

rotates/propels the cell, directional movement

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14
Q

All life on Earth exists as cells. These have basic features in common. Differences between cells are due to the addition of extra features. What does this provide evidence for?

A

This provides indirect evidence for evolution

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15
Q
  1. All cells have a cell-surface ________ + eukaryotic cells have _______ membranes.
  2. The basic structure of these ______ membranes is the same + enables control of the passage of
    _________ across exchange surfaces by ______ or active transport.
A
  1. membrane, internal,

2. plasma, substances, passive

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16
Q
  1. Cell-surface membranes contain ______ proteins. Some of these are involved in cell _______/ communication between cells.
  2. Others act as _______,
  3. Interactions between different types of cell are involved in disease, ________ + prevention of symptoms occurring later if exposed to the same ______
A
  1. embedded, signalling
  2. antigens
  3. recovery, antigen
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17
Q

what is the definition of a cell? and 3 examples

A

membrane bound structure, contains biomolecules

i.e. sperm, neurone, nerve

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18
Q

What is the definition of a tissue? and 3 examples

A

a group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function
i.e. epithelial cells, xylem, elastic fibres

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19
Q

what is the definition of an organ? and 3 examples

A

combination of different tissues working together to carry out a variety of functions
i.e. Aorta, vein, palisade layer

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20
Q

how does cell specialisation/organisation occur?

A
  1. all somatic cells same genes
  2. specialised by some genes being expressed
  3. cells adapted to own particular function = efficiently functions
21
Q

Function of cell surface membrane

A
  • allows different conditions to be established in/out of cell
  • controls movement of substances in/out of cell
22
Q

name the 5 different components of the cell surface membrane

A

phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins, cholesterol

23
Q

Eukaryote: name the 4 components of the nucleus

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. nuclear pores
  3. chromatin
  4. nucleolus
24
Q

Eukaryote: name the 3 components of mitochondria + their role

A
  1. cristae: increase SA for attachment of enzymes for respiration
  2. Double membrane: controls entry/exit of stuff
  3. matrix: contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes, DNA
25
Q

Eukaryote: name the 3 components of chloroplasts + their function

A
  1. chloroplast envelope: (double membrane) highly selective
  2. Grana (stack to make thylakoids): contain chlorophyll + absorb light (LDR)
  3. stroma: matrix, synthesis of sugars (LIR)
26
Q

How is chlorophyll adapted to to their function?

A
  • granal membranes increase SA for electron carries/ enzymes
  • fluid of stroma possesses all enzymes needed
  • contain DNA + ribosomes = synthesise proteins for photo
27
Q

Eukaryote: role of RER

A
  • provide large SA for synthesis of proteins/glycoproteins

- a pathway for transport of materials

28
Q

Both SER and RER have ________ and are continuous with the _______ envelope. BUT RER has ________!!

A

cisternae, nuclear, ribosomes

29
Q

Eukaryote: role of SER

A

synthesise, transport and store lipids/carbohydrates

30
Q

eukaryote: roles of mitochondria (2)

A
  • site of aerobic respiration

- produces ATP from carbohydrates

31
Q

Eukaryote: roles of nucleus (3)

A
  • synthesise mRNA + tRNA (protein synthesis)
  • retain genetic material
  • manufacture rRNA + ribosomes
32
Q

Eukaryote: roles of the golgi apparatus/vesicles (4)

A
  • combine carbohydrates + proteins = glycoproteins
  • produces secretory enzymes
  • transport, modify + store lipids
  • form lysosomes
33
Q

Eukaryote: what is the golgi made up of?

A

cisternae and vesicles (pinched off golgi + transports substances)

34
Q

Eukaryote: what are lysosomes made up of?

A
  • formed when vesicles contain enzymes

- contain different hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes)

35
Q

Eukaryote: roles of the lysosomes (4)

A
  • hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells
  • release enzymes (exocytosis) destroy material
  • digest worn out organelles + autolysis
  • hydrolyse cell wall of bacteria
36
Q

T or F: 70s ribosomes are present in eukaryotes and 80s are present in prokaryotes

A

F. 80s = eukary 70s = prokary

37
Q

what is the structure + function of a ribosome?

A
  • tiny cytoplasmic granules made from 2 sub units (small = large)
  • site of protein synthesis
38
Q

Eukaryotes (plants, algae, fungi): what is the cell wall made up of?

A
  • microfibrils: polysaccharide cellulose = gives strength

- middle lamella: cements adjacent cells together + marks boundary between adjacent cells

39
Q

eukaryotes: role of the cell wall (3)

A
  • mechanical strength (no lysis under osmotic pressure)
  • give strength to plant as a whole
  • allow H2O to pass along it
40
Q

T or F: algae cell walls can be made up of cellulose and/or glycoproteins

A

true

41
Q

what are the cell walls in fungi made up of?

A

chitin

42
Q

Eukaryotes: structure of the vacuole

A
  • has a single membrane called a tonoplast

- contains salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes, pigments

43
Q

role of the vacuole?

A
  • give strength (turgid)
  • sugars/amino acids temporary food store
  • pigments attract pollinators
44
Q

in prokaryotic cells, the organelles are NOT…

A

membrane bound

45
Q

viruses are _______ and non-______.

A

acellular and are non-living

46
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with_______ proteins and have no ______

A

histone, introns

47
Q

What is the role if the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells? (2)

A
  • synthesises ribosomal RNA

- assembles ribosomes

48
Q

What are the 2 roles of the nuclear envelope?

A
  1. contains reactions taking place

2. control of entry

Biology (25 decks)

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