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Biology > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 carbon based compounds which all organisms are made up of

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and polynucleotides

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2
Q

why are lipids not polymers

A

as it is not made up of the same repeating units

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3
Q

polymers are made up of repeating _________ joined together (_________)

A

monomers

polymerisation

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4
Q

What a condensation reaction ?

A

removes a water molecule to join together 2 molecules via a chemical bond

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5
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

breaks a chemical bond by adding a water molecule

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6
Q

name the 3 common monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

A _________ reaction between 2 monosaccharides forms a __________ bond.

A

condensation

glycosidic

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8
Q

The _______ glycogen and starch are formed from __ -glucose.

A

polymers

a

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9
Q

What is the basic role of glycogen?

A

Stores energy in animals, in the liver

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10
Q

What is the basic role of starch?

A

Stores energy in plants

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11
Q

What test for starch ? and what colour change if positive?

A

Iodine test. Black

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12
Q

What test for reducing sugars? What colour?

A

Benedict’s reagent. Green ,yellow ,orange or red

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13
Q

What extra steps for non-reducing sugars?

A
  1. hydrolyse with dilute HCL
  2. heat
  3. neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate
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14
Q

Sucrose is NOT a _________ ______

A

reducing sugar

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15
Q

what is the general formula for ALL monosaccharides?

A

Cn H2n On

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16
Q

What makes alpha and beta glucose different?

A

the hydroxyl group (OH) is on the bottom of carbon 1 on alpha glucose

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17
Q

true or false: amylose is branched

A

false: amylose is unbranched with only 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin is branched

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18
Q

how does the structure of starch relate to its properties?

A
  • helical = compact. stores lots in a small space
  • Large = does not diffuse out of cell
  • Insoluble = does not affect osmosis and therefore not H2O potential
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19
Q

how the structure of glycogen relates to properties?

A
  • insoluble = does not affect osmosis and therefore not water potential
  • branched = more terminal glucose hydrolysed = more energy
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20
Q

what is the role of cellulose ?

A
  • provides structural support in the cell wall of cells as microfibrils
  • stops cell from bursting by exerting an inward pressure, stops the influx of water
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21
Q

how does the structure of cellulose relate to its properties? (3)

A
  • unbranched (lies flat) = can lie on top of one another, compact
  • parallel cellulose chains cross linked by hydrogen bonds =gives strength
  • water permeable = allows osmosis
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22
Q

lipids are made up of….

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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23
Q

The 5 roles of lipids:
source of ______: when oxidised, provides twice the energy as ____________ with same mass.
waterproofing: ________ in water. Plants/animals have waxy cuticle, mammals produce ______
_________: fat is stored around delicate _______
_________: lipids are poor _________ of heat so good __________.
they form ______ membranes: (___________)

A 
energy: carbohydrates
insoluble, sebum
Protection, organs 
insulation, conductors, insulation 
plasma, (phospholipids)
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24
Q

a ________ reaction between glycerol and fatty acid forms an _______ bond

A

condensation, ester

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25
what are the properties of triglycerides? (4)
- source of energy = high ratio of C-H bonds : carbon atoms - storage = low mass : energy ratio (lots of energy stored in a small area, less mass) - non-polar, large, insoluble = does not affect H2O potential - source of H2O = high ratio of H : O2 (releases water)
26
true or false : the tail of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic
true
27
is the phosphate group on the phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
28
how does the structure of phospholipids affect properties?
- polar molecules = arrange to form a bilayer in cell surface membranes - hydrophilic heads help hold surface of membrane allows to form glycolipids (important for cell recognition)
29
saturated fatty acids are....
solid at room temp, all have C-C bonds, straight
30
unsaturated fatty acids are.....
liquid at room temp, have at least one C=C bond, have a kink so do not lie flat hence are liquids
31
what 5 components are amino acids made up of?
amine group (NH2), R-Group, Carboxyl group (COOH), alpha carbon, hydrogen
32
a _______ reaction between 2 amino acids form a ________ bond
condensation, peptide
33
a functional protein may contain....
one or more polypeptide chains
34
what is the primary structure of a protein?
sequence of amino acids which determines shape and therefore function
35
how many naturally occurring amino acids are there?
20
36
what are the 2 structures in the secondary structure
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
37
in the secondary structure of a protein, where do the hydrogen bonds occur?
between the double bonded oxygen and the amine group of another
38
define the tertiary structure
the way in which the polypeptide chain is folded, contains hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bridges
39
in the tertiary structure, bonds form between.....
R Groups
40
``` in proteins: ionic bonds between.... hydrogen bonds between..... disulphide bonds between..... hydrophobic bonds between.... ```
charged polar 2 cysteine amino acids non polar
41
what is the quaternary structure?
combination of polypeptide chain and associated non-proteins (prosthetics)
42
example of fibrous protein, structure and function
collagen - long chains run parallel, linked by cross bridges - found in tendons, when muscles contract (bone is pulled in direction of contraction)
43
examples of globular proteins and function
enzymes, haemoglobin | carry out metabolic functions
44
what is the test for lipids called and what should happen if present?
emulsion test, cloudy white emulsion
45
what is the test for proteins called and what should happen if peptide bonds are present?
biuret test, goes from blue to purple
46
What is a monomer?
smaller units from which larger molecules are made (make up polymers)
47
Define metabolism
All chemical processes in a living organism
48
define an isotope
Same atomic no. (protons), different mass no. (different no. of neutrons)
49
glucose + glucose =
maltose
50
glucose + fructose =
sucrose
51
glucose + galactose =
lactose
52
name the 2 isomers of glucose
alpha + beta
53
which isomer is cellulose made of?
beta glucose
54
Polysaccharides are formed by...
the condensation of many glucose units
55
define a mole
SI unit for measuring amount of a substance. | 1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 (Avogadros constant)
56
What is the molar solution?
a solution that contains 1 mole of solute in each litre of solution
57
What causes hydrogen bonding?
polarised molecule (uneven distribution of elections). Opposites attract, electrostatic bond.
58
the R group of a fatty acid could be....
saturated or unsaturated
59
disulfide bridges are....
strong
60
ionic bonds formed between any _______ and amine groups not involved in forming _____ bonds
carboxyl | peptide
61
why is amylopectin useful?
more terminal glucose can be hydrolysed simultaneously = lots of energy

Biology (25 decks)

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