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Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the 4 carbon based compounds which all organisms are made up of

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and polynucleotides

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2
Q

why are lipids not polymers

A

as it is not made up of the same repeating units

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3
Q

polymers are made up of repeating _________ joined together (_________)

A

monomers

polymerisation

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4
Q

What a condensation reaction ?

A

removes a water molecule to join together 2 molecules via a chemical bond

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5
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

breaks a chemical bond by adding a water molecule

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6
Q

name the 3 common monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

A _________ reaction between 2 monosaccharides forms a __________ bond.

A

condensation

glycosidic

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8
Q

The _______ glycogen and starch are formed from __ -glucose.

A

polymers

a

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9
Q

What is the basic role of glycogen?

A

Stores energy in animals, in the liver

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10
Q

What is the basic role of starch?

A

Stores energy in plants

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11
Q

What test for starch ? and what colour change if positive?

A

Iodine test. Black

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12
Q

What test for reducing sugars? What colour?

A

Benedict’s reagent. Green ,yellow ,orange or red

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13
Q

What extra steps for non-reducing sugars?

A
  1. hydrolyse with dilute HCL
  2. heat
  3. neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate
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14
Q

Sucrose is NOT a _________ ______

A

reducing sugar

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15
Q

what is the general formula for ALL monosaccharides?

A

Cn H2n On

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16
Q

What makes alpha and beta glucose different?

A

the hydroxyl group (OH) is on the bottom of carbon 1 on alpha glucose

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17
Q

true or false: amylose is branched

A

false: amylose is unbranched with only 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin is branched

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18
Q

how does the structure of starch relate to its properties?

A
  • helical = compact. stores lots in a small space
  • Large = does not diffuse out of cell
  • Insoluble = does not affect osmosis and therefore not H2O potential
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19
Q

how the structure of glycogen relates to properties?

A
  • insoluble = does not affect osmosis and therefore not water potential
  • branched = more terminal glucose hydrolysed = more energy
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20
Q

what is the role of cellulose ?

A
  • provides structural support in the cell wall of cells as microfibrils
  • stops cell from bursting by exerting an inward pressure, stops the influx of water
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21
Q

how does the structure of cellulose relate to its properties? (3)

A
  • unbranched (lies flat) = can lie on top of one another, compact
  • parallel cellulose chains cross linked by hydrogen bonds =gives strength
  • water permeable = allows osmosis
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22
Q

lipids are made up of….

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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23
Q

The 5 roles of lipids:
source of ______: when oxidised, provides twice the energy as ____________ with same mass.
waterproofing: ________ in water. Plants/animals have waxy cuticle, mammals produce ______
_________: fat is stored around delicate _______
_________: lipids are poor _________ of heat so good __________.
they form ______ membranes: (___________)

A 
energy: carbohydrates
insoluble, sebum
Protection, organs 
insulation, conductors, insulation 
plasma, (phospholipids)
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24
Q

a ________ reaction between glycerol and fatty acid forms an _______ bond

A

condensation, ester

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25
Q

what are the properties of triglycerides? (4)

A
  • source of energy = high ratio of
    C-H bonds : carbon atoms
  • storage = low mass : energy ratio (lots of energy stored in a small area, less mass)
  • non-polar, large, insoluble = does not affect H2O potential
  • source of H2O = high ratio of H : O2 (releases water)
26
Q

true or false : the tail of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic

A

true

27
Q

is the phosphate group on the phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

28
Q

how does the structure of phospholipids affect properties?

A
  • polar molecules = arrange to form a bilayer in cell surface membranes
  • hydrophilic heads help hold surface of membrane
    allows to form glycolipids (important for cell recognition)
29
Q

saturated fatty acids are….

A

solid at room temp, all have C-C bonds, straight

30
Q

unsaturated fatty acids are…..

A

liquid at room temp, have at least one C=C bond, have a kink so do not lie flat hence are liquids

31
Q

what 5 components are amino acids made up of?

A

amine group (NH2), R-Group, Carboxyl group (COOH), alpha carbon, hydrogen

32
Q

a _______ reaction between 2 amino acids form a ________ bond

A

condensation, peptide

33
Q

a functional protein may contain….

A

one or more polypeptide chains

34
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

sequence of amino acids which determines shape and therefore function

35
Q

how many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

A

20

36
Q

what are the 2 structures in the secondary structure

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

37
Q

in the secondary structure of a protein, where do the hydrogen bonds occur?

A

between the double bonded oxygen and the amine group of another

38
Q

define the tertiary structure

A

the way in which the polypeptide chain is folded, contains hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bridges

39
Q

in the tertiary structure, bonds form between…..

A

R Groups

40
Q 
in proteins:
ionic bonds between....
hydrogen bonds between.....
disulphide bonds between.....
hydrophobic bonds between....
A

charged
polar
2 cysteine amino acids
non polar

41
Q

what is the quaternary structure?

A

combination of polypeptide chain and associated non-proteins (prosthetics)

42
Q

example of fibrous protein, structure and function

A

collagen

  • long chains run parallel, linked by cross bridges
  • found in tendons, when muscles contract (bone is pulled in direction of contraction)
43
Q

examples of globular proteins and function

A

enzymes, haemoglobin

carry out metabolic functions

44
Q

what is the test for lipids called and what should happen if present?

A

emulsion test, cloudy white emulsion

45
Q

what is the test for proteins called and what should happen if peptide bonds are present?

A

biuret test, goes from blue to purple

46
Q

What is a monomer?

A

smaller units from which larger molecules are made (make up polymers)

47
Q

Define metabolism

A

All chemical processes in a living organism

48
Q

define an isotope

A

Same atomic no. (protons), different mass no. (different no. of neutrons)

49
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose

50
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

51
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

52
Q

name the 2 isomers of glucose

A

alpha + beta

53
Q

which isomer is cellulose made of?

A

beta glucose

54
Q

Polysaccharides are formed by…

A

the condensation of many glucose units

55
Q

define a mole

A

SI unit for measuring amount of a substance.

1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 (Avogadros constant)

56
Q

What is the molar solution?

A

a solution that contains 1 mole of solute in each litre of solution

57
Q

What causes hydrogen bonding?

A

polarised molecule (uneven distribution of elections). Opposites attract, electrostatic bond.

58
Q

the R group of a fatty acid could be….

A

saturated or unsaturated

59
Q

disulfide bridges are….

A

strong

60
Q

ionic bonds formed between any _______ and amine groups not involved in forming _____ bonds

A

carboxyl

peptide

61
Q

why is amylopectin useful?

A

more terminal glucose can be hydrolysed simultaneously = lots of energy

Biology (25 decks)

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