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as biology module 2 > nucleic acids > Flashcards

nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

double helix

A

shape of DNA molecule,

due to coiling of the two sugar-phosphate backbone strands into a right-handed spiral configuration

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2
Q

nucleotide

A

molecule consisting of a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

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3
Q

monomer

A

molecule when repeated makes up a polymer.

nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids

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4
Q

polynucleotide

A

large molecule containing many nucleotides

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5
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyses formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotides, using single-stranded DNA as a template

this forms the sugar-phosphate backbone and hydrogen bonds between bases

strands twist to form a double helix

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6
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that catalyses the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous pairs of bases in a DNA molecule

helix unzips to form two single strands

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7
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

how DNA replicates, resulting in two new molecules, each of which contains one old strand and one new strand.

one old strand is conserved in each new molecule

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8
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or for a length of RNA that is involved in regulating gene expression

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9
Q

polypeptide

A

a polymer made of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

insulin is a polypeptide of 51 amino acids

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10
Q

protein

A

a large polypeptide of 100 or more amino acids

however, the terms are often used synonymously, and insulin may be described as a small protein

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11
Q

transcription

A

the process of making messenger RNA from a DNA template

mRNA copy of a gene is made in the nucleus

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12
Q

translation

A

formation of a protein, at ribosomes, by assembling amino acids into a particular sequence

according to the coded instructions carried from DNA to the ribosome by mRNA

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13
Q

base triplet

A

a triplet of bases n a DNA molecule

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14
Q

codon

A

a triplet of bases on a length of mRNA

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15
Q

anticodon

A

a triplet of bases on a tRNA molecule, complementary to the mRNA codon

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16
Q

DNA functions (3)

A
  • coding biologically useful information via transcription and therefore acting as a blueprint for building cells and bodies
  • ensuring continuity within a multicellular organism and between generations through semi-conservative replication
  • allowing evolution to occur by generating variation through mutation.
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17
Q

DNA molecule

A

—DNA molecule is composed of two strands.

contains two polynucleotide chains made up of nucleotides joined together

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18
Q

mutation

A

a change to the DNA base sequence

they can alter the sequence of amino acids in a protein

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19
Q

which elements do nucleotides contain?

A

C, H, O, N and P

20
Q

Importance of nucleotides

A

-monomers that make up DNA and RNA (types of nucleic acid)

21
Q

DNA

A

-used to store genetic information-the instructions an organism needs to grow and develop

22
Q

RNA

A

used to make proteins from the instructions in DNA

23
Q

uses of ADP and ATP

A

to store and transport energy in cells

24
Q

deoxyribose

A

pentose sugar in a DNA molecule

25
Q

purine base

A

contains two carbon-nitrogen rings joined together

Adenine and guanine

26
Q

pyrimidine base

A

only has one carbon-nitrogen ring

smaller than a purine base

Cytosine and thymine

27
Q

ribose

A

the sugar in RNA

28
Q

RNA structure

A

uracil (pyrimidine) replaces thymine as a base

made up of a single polynucleotide chain

29
Q

how to Phosphorylate a nucleotide?

A

you add one or more phosphate groups to it

30
Q

ADP structure

A

contains the base adenine, the sugar ribose and two phosphate groups

31
Q

ATP structure

A

contains the base adenine, the sugar ribose and three phosphate groups

32
Q

ATP

A

provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell

synthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy breakdown of glucose in respiration

ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP and a phosphate bond is formed

33
Q

polynucleotides

A

when nucleotides join between phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

this forms a phosphodiester bond consisting of the phosphate group and two ester bonds

34
Q

sugar-phosphate backbone

A

the chain of sugars and phosphates

35
Q

hydrogen bonding between?

A

bases of two DNA polynucleotide strands

36
Q

complementary base pairing

A

each base can only join with one particular partner

Adenine with thymine (A-T)
Cytosine with guanine (C-G)

37
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between A and T?

A

2

38
Q

number of hydrogen bonds between C and G?

A

3

39
Q

how DNA double-helix is formed?

A

when two antiparallel polynucleotide strands twist

40
Q

Self-Replication

A

DNA can copy itself

41
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide

42
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

made in the nucleus

three adjacent bases are called a codon

it carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it’s used to make a protein during translation

43
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

found in the cytoplasm

it has an amino acid binding site at one end and a sequence of three bases at the other end called an anticodon

it carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribosomes during translation

44
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

forms the two subunits in a ribosome (along with proteins)

the ribosomes move along the mRNA strand during protein synthesis

the rRNA in the ribosome helps to catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids

45
Q

genetic code

  • non-overlapping
  • degenerate
  • universal
A

the sequence of base triplets (codons) in DNA or mRNA, which codes for specific amino acids

each base triplet is read in sequence, separate from the triplet before and after it

46
Q

transcription

A

RNA polymerase attaches to DNA double-helix at the beginning of a gene

hydrogen bonds in gene break, separating the strands and DNA molecule uncoils

one strand is used as a template to make an mRNA copy

T is replaced by U in RNA joined together forming an mRNA

hydrogen bonds reform and strands coil back into a double-helix

47
Q

translation

A

amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain

mRNA attaches to a risosome and tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome

as biology module 2 (13 decks)

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