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as biology module 2 > 2.6 Cell Division and Organisation > Flashcards

2.6 Cell Division and Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous pair

A
  • Pair of chromosomes containing a maternal and paternal chromatid joined to together at the centromere
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2
Q

Centromere

A
  • The point on a chromosome attached to a spindle fibre during cell division
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3
Q

Cell cycle stages

A
  • G1 (Gap 1) Growth phase
  • Synthesis phase
  • G2 (Gap 2) phase
  • Mitosis phase
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4
Q

M phase

A
  • involves mitosis and cytokinesis
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5
Q

G1 phase

A
  • Cell grows

- New organelles and proteins are made

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6
Q

G2 phase

A
  • Cell keeps growing

- Proteins needed for cell division are made

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7
Q

Interphase - G1, S, G2

A
  • takes up most of cell division
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8
Q

Interphase - G1, S, G2

A
  • takes up most of cell division

- process of cell growth and DNA replication ready for cell division (m phase)

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9
Q

Mitosis phases

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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10
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense

-

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11
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

(starting to condense)

A
  • Chromosomes condense

- Centrioles move and spindles form

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12
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

(line in centre)

A
  • Nuclear envelope disappears
  • Centrioles reach two poles and spindles are complete
  • Fully condensed chromosomes
  • Centromeres moved to equator
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13
Q

Anaphase

(pulled apart)

A
  • Centromeres split
  • Chromatids pulled apart
  • Pulled to opposite poles
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14
Q

Telophase

(all at either side)

A
  • Chromatids called chromosomes
  • Chromosomes reach poles
  • Nuclear envelope forms
  • Chromosomes decondense
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15
Q

Cytokinesis

(new cytoplasm formed)

A

Cytoplasm divides

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16
Q

Mitosis features

A
  • Produces 2 cells
  • Genetically identical
  • Diploid
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17
Q

Meiosis features

A
  • Produces 4 cells
  • Genetically non-identical
  • Haploid
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18
Q

Diploid cell

A
  • 46 chromosomes

-

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19
Q

Diploid cell

A

46 chromosomes

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20
Q

Haploid cells

A

23 chromosomes

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21
Q

Budding

(How yeast reproduces)

A
  1. Bud forms at surface of cell
  2. Cell undergoes interphase
    - DNA and organelles are replicated for the cell to divide
  3. Cell undergoes Mitosis
  4. Nuclear division is complete
    - the budding cell contains a nucleus that has an identical copy of the parent cell’s DNA and a copy of the organelles
  5. The bud separates from the parent cell
    producing a new identical yeast cell
22
Q

Stem cells

A
  • Unspecialised
  • Embryonic- totipotent
  • Differentiate
  • Bone marrow- blood cells
  • Cambium- Xylem and Phloem
23
Q

Totipotent

A
  • Capable of becoming any type of cell in the organism
24
Q

differentiation

A
  • changes occurring in cells of a multicellular organism
  • each different type of cell becomes specialised
  • perform a specific function
25
Q

Ways in which cells can be differentiated

A
  • Number of organelles
  • Shape of the cell
  • Contents of the cell
26
Q

Parts of Sperm cell

A
  • acrosome
  • Head
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Protein filaments
  • tail (undulipodium)
27
Q

acrosome

A
  • filled with hydrolytic enzymes which can break through the egg
  • contains digestive enzymes to enable sperm to penetrate the surface of the egg
28
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • to provide energy to swim
29
Q

tail

A
  • swim to female sex cell
30
Q

Erythrocytes (Red blood cell)

A
  • Bioconcave
  • Large surface area for gas exchange
  • No nucleus- more room for haemoglobin
  • More oxygen can be carried by haemoglobin
31
Q

Neutrophils (White blood cells)

A
  • defend body against disease
  • Flexible shape
  • Allows them to engulf foreign pathogens
  • Many lysosomes in cytoplasm
  • Contain digestive enzymes to break down engulfed particles
32
Q

Epithelial cells

A
  • Joined by interlinking membranes
  • Cilated epithelia in airways have cilia that beat to move particles away
  • Squamous epithelia in lungs are very thin to allow efficient diffusion of gases
33
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • absorb water and mineral ions from soil
  • large surface area for absorption
  • thin permeable cell wall for entry of water and ions

-Cytoplasm contains extra mitochondria to provide energy needed for activ etransport

34
Q

tissue

A

a collection of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function

35
Q

organ

A

a collection of similar tissues working together to carry out a specific function

36
Q

organ system

A

a collection of similar organs working together to carry out a specific function

37
Q

Leaves

A
  • Contain palisade tissue for photosynthesis

- conatin epidermal tissue and xylem and phloem in veind

38
Q

epidermal tissue

A

prevents water loss from leaf

39
Q

Palisade cells

A
  • photosynthesis
  • contain many chloroplasts absorb sunlight
  • Thin walls, CO2 easily diffuse into cell
40
Q

Guard cells

A
  • pairs with gap between called stoma
  • in light, guard cells take up water and become turgid
  • thin outer walls and thickened inner walls bend them outwards, opening stomata
41
Q

stoma

A
  • one of tiny pores in surface of leaf used for gas exchange
42
Q

Squamous epithelium

A
  • Single layer of flat cells lining a surface

- found in alveoli in lungs

43
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A
  • layer of cells covered in cilia

- found on surfaces where things need to be moved (trachea)

44
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • made up of muscle fibres
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Skeletal muscle tissue
45
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

found lining the stomach wall

46
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

found in the heart

47
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Use to move

48
Q

Cartilage

A
  • type of connective tissue found in joints
  • Shapes and supports ears, nose and windpipe
  • Formed when chondroblasts secrete extracellular matrix which they become trapped inside
49
Q

Matrix

A

jelly-like substance containing protein fibres

50
Q

Xylem tissue

A
  • transports water around plants
  • supports plant
  • contains hollow xylem vessel cells (dead) and living parenchyma cells
51
Q

Phloem tissue

A
  • Transports sugars around plant
  • arranged in tubes
  • made up of sieve cells, companion cells and some ordinary plant cells

as biology module 2 (13 decks)

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