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as biology module 2 > 2.1 cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

3 points of comparison between transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes

A

TEM:

  • use electromagnets to focus beam of electrons
  • high resolution images
  • only used on thin specimens

SEM:

  • scan beam of electrons across specimen to knock electrons from specimen
  • lower resolution
  • 3D images of surface
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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

-Found on surface of animal/plant cells

  • regulates movement of substances in/out of cell
  • receptor sites for proteins and hormones
  • partially permeable
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3
Q

cell wall

A
  • rigid
  • supports plant cells/ gives it strength
  • plants=cellulose
  • fungi=chitin
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4
Q

nucleus

A

controls the cell’s activities

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5
Q

nucleolus

A
  • most of genetic material kept

- makes ribosomes

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6
Q

nuclear pores

A
  • regulates what goes in/out of cell

e. g mRNA

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7
Q

lysosome

A

-contains digestive enzymes:

  • used to digest invading cells
  • break down worn components of cell
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8
Q

ribosome

A

-site where proteins are made

  • free in cytoplasm or:
  • attached to RER
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9
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

folds/processes proteins made in ribosomes

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10
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesises and processes lipids

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11
Q

vesicle

A

transports substances in and out of cell

fuse to cell membrane

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • processes and packages new lipids and proteins

- can make ribosomes

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13
Q

mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

  • have a double membrane
  • have a matrix
  • cristae
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14
Q

chloroplast

A

the site where photosynthesis takes place

  • have double membrane
  • have grana-(stacked)
  • have lamellae-(join grana)
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15
Q

centriole

A

involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein threads: arranged as microfilaments and microtubules

  • support organelles
  • strengthen
  • transport
  • movement
17
Q

Protein Production

A
  1. Proteins made at ribosomes
  2. Free ribosomes and ribosomes on RER make protein.
  3. New proteins are folded and processed in RER
  4. Proteins transported from ER to Golgi apparatus in vesicles
  5. At Golgi apparatus, proteins undergo further processing
  6. Proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell
18
Q

Light microscopes

A
  • 0.2μm resolution
  • x1,500 magnification
  • alive or dead specimens
  • cheap
  • colour through staining
  • 2D
19
Q

magnification

A

the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself

20
Q

resolution

A

the degree to which it is possible to distinguish two objects that are very close together

21
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopes

A
  • 0.0002μm resolution
  • x500,000 magnification
  • dead specimens
  • expensive
  • no colour
  • 2D
22
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopes

A
  • 0.005μm resolution
  • x100,000 magnification
  • dead specimens
  • expensive
  • no colour
  • 3D
23
Q

staining

A
  • put little drop of stain onto a cell or specimen

- some stains bind to specific cell structures so you can see those cell structures more clearly

24
Q

sectioning

A

when specimens are embedded in wax in sections then cut without distorting the structure specimen

25
Q

Magnification calculation

A

Magnification =Image size/Actual size

26
Q

Prokaryotes

e.g bacteria

A
  • small
  • Circular DNA
  • No Nucleus
  • Peptidoglycen cell wall
  • Few organelles
  • Small ribosomes (18nm)
27
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • large
  • Linear DNA
  • Nucleus
  • Cellulose or Chitin cell wall
  • Many organelles
  • Large ribosomes (22nm)
28
Q

differences between plant and animal cels

A

Plants have:

  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Bigger vacuole
29
Q

cilia

A

-move substances along cell surface

30
Q

flagellum

A

-cause movement

as biology module 2 (13 decks)

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