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biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

why is water a polar molecule?

A
  • the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it
  • water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends
  • they can form hydrogen bonds with each other.
  • This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around.
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2
Q

structure of am amino acid

A
  • amine group H2N
  • carboxyl group COOH
  • carbon in the centre-C
  • single hydrogen groupH
  • r group varies with different amino acid R-
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3
Q

primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids found in a protein molecule

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4
Q

secondary structure

A

The coiling or folding of parts of an amino acid chain

due to hydrogen bond formation between different parts of the chain.

The main forms of secondary structure are the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet

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5
Q

tertiary structure

A

The overall three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule.

It is the result of interactions between parts of the protein molecule such as hydrogen bonding, formation of disulfide bridges and hydrophobic interactions

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6
Q

quaternary structure

A

Protein structure where a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain.

Haemoglobin has a
quaternary structure as it is made up on four polypeptide chains.

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7
Q

properties of water

A
  • solvent
  • provides an effective transport medium
  • form a major component of the tissues in living organisms
  • coolant
  • provide habitats for living things in rivers, lakes and seas
  • allows ionic compounds to separate
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8
Q

fibrous protein

A
  • has a relatively long, thin structure
  • is insoluble in water
  • metabolically inactive
  • structural role within an organism
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9
Q

globular protein

A
  • has molecules of a relatively spherical shape
  • soluble in water
  • often have metabolic roles within the organism
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10
Q

prosthetic group/haem

A

a non-protein component that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule

the non protein component of a conjugated protein

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11
Q

amino acids

A

monomers of all proteins

all amino acids have the same basic shape

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12
Q

peptide bond

A

a bond formed when two amino acids are joined by a condensation reaction

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13
Q

lipids

A

a group of substances that are soluble in alcohol rather than water

include triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol

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14
Q

macromolecule

A

a very large, organic molecule

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15
Q

phospholipid

A

molecule consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids and one phosphate group

insoluble in water

contains ester bonds

important in membrane structure

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16
Q

carbohydrates

A

a group of molecules containing C, H and O

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17
Q

condensation reaction

A

reaction that occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water

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18
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak interaction that can occur when wherever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen

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19
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water

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20
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form a polymer

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21
Q

polymer

A

a large molecule made from many smaller molecules called monomers

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22
Q

alpha- glucose

A

glucose in which the hydrogen atom on carbon atom number one projects above the plane of the ring

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23
Q

ab initio protein modelling

A

a model built based on the physical and electrical properties of the atoms in each amino acid in the sequence

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24
Q

adhesion

A

the attraction between water molecules and the walls of the xylem vessel

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25
Q

amylopectin molecule

A

a molecule of polysaccharide with glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4, and branches formed by glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 6

it is a constituent of starch

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26
Q

amylose molecule

A

a molecule of polysaccharide with long straight chains of between 100 and 1000 alpha- glucose molecules

it is a constituent of starch

like maltose, it has glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 6

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27
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

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28
Q

beta- glucose

A

glucose in which the hydrogen atom on carbon number one projects the plane of the ring

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29
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

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30
Q

chromatography

A

a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components of the mixture move at different rates

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31
Q

cohesion

A

the attraction between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

colorimeter

A

an instrument for measuring the absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution

33
Q

comparative protein modelling

A

one approach is protein threading,

which scans the amino acid sequence against a database of solved structures and

produces a set of possible models which would match that sequence

34
Q

computer modelling

A

a model of a process which is created on a computer, often used for processes that can need the increased calculation speed

35
Q

conjugated protein

A

a protein associated with a non- protein component

36
Q

conformational change

A

a change in the shape of a macromolecule

37
Q

covalent bonds

A

formed when electrons are shared between atoms

these bonds are very strong

38
Q

deoxyribose

A

a five-carbon sugar derived from the five- carbon sugar ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen, at carbon atom 2

39
Q

disaccharides

A

any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharides residues joined by a condensation reaction

40
Q

disulfide links/bridges/bonds

A

strong covalent bond (where electrons are shared) between two sulfur atoms, within a (protein) molecule.

these bonds are bot broken by heat but can only be broken by reducing agents

41
Q

elastin

A

a type of protein made by cross- linking a polypeptide called a tropoelastib- which has a coiled structure

the cross-linking and coiling make elastin a strong and extensible protein.

it is found in structures in living organisms, such as elastic cartilage and ligaments, where they need to stretch or adapt their shape as part of life processes

42
Q

ester bond

A

a bond formed by condensation reaction between the OH group of a carboxylic acid and the OH group of an alcohol, to produce an ester

43
Q

fatty acids

A

have a carboxyl group (COOH) on one end, attached to a hydrocarbon tail, made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

this may be anything from 2 to 20 carbons long

44
Q

glucose

A

a 6- carbon monosaccharide sugar

45
Q

glycerol

A

has three carbon atoms.

it is an alcohol, which means it has free- OH groups

46
Q

glycogen molecule

A

the energy store in humans; large polysaccharide molecule made of many glucose residues joined by condensation reactions

like amylopectin, has glycosidic bonds between carbon atoms 1 and 6

47
Q

glycolipid

A

lipid/phospholipid with a chain of carbohydrate molecules attached

48
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with a chain of carbohydrate molecules attached

49
Q

glycosidic bond

A

a bond formed between two monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction

50
Q

haemoglobin

A

the red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood

hydrophobic groups on the inside

polypeptide chains

51
Q

hydrogencarbonate ion

A

HCO3-

52
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracted to water

53
Q

hydrophobic

A

repelled by water

54
Q

inorganic ions

A

charged particles of inorganic (not carbon-based) substances

(e.g Mg2+, Ca2+)

55
Q

keratin

A

a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hooves, nails, claws, horns

56
Q

lipids

A

a group of substances that are soluble in alcohol rather than water.

they include triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol

57
Q

lipophilic

A

attracted to fat (lipids)

58
Q

lipophobic

A

repelled by fat (lipids)

59
Q

macromolecule

A

a very large, organic molecule

60
Q

pepsin

A

an enzyme that digests protein in the stomach of mammals

61
Q

peptide bond

A

a bond formed when two amino acids are joined by a condensation reaction

62
Q

polar

A

where the charge is not evenly distributed across a particle

63
Q

polypepide

A

polymer made of many amino acids units joined together by peptide bonds.

insulin is a polypeptide of 51 amino acids

64
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharides that re made of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers bonded together

65
Q

proteins

A

large polymers comprised of long chains of amino acids

66
Q

qualitative testing

A

test that shows the presence or absence of a substance but does not indicate how much of the substance is present

67
Q

triglycerides

A

lipid molecules consisting of glycerol, and three fatty acids

contains only C, H and O

insoluble in water

contains ester bonds

68
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid lacking the full complement of hydrogens.

there are double bonds between some of the adjacent carbon atom, giving a kink in the long hydrocarbon chain

69
Q

globular proteins

A

spherical

hydrophilic on outside, hydrophobic on inside

form hydrogen bonds with water

soluble

haemoglobin, pepsin, insulin

70
Q

fibrous proteins

A

linear chain

chains can form hydrogen bonds with adjacent chains within a molecule

insoluble/ few hydrophilic groups

strong

have a structural role

71
Q

haemoglobin

A

transports oxygen

contains prosthetic group to allow oxygen to be carried

tertiary structure

72
Q

collagen

A

high proportion of glycine so chains lie close together

forms covalent bonds between molecules

cross links are staggered to avoid weak points

forms part of tendons/ ligaments/ cartilage/ bone

73
Q

cholesterol

A

only contains C,H and O

insoluble in water

important in membrane structure

74
Q

amylose structure

A

coiled

alpha-glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds

all monomers in same orientation

granular

hydrogen bonds within molecule

75
Q

cellulose structure

A

beta glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds

alternative monomers at 180* to each other

fibrous

hydrogen bonds between adjacent molecules

76
Q

cellulose properties

A

strong

hydrogen bonds form

insoluble

forms cell walls

77
Q

collagen structure

A

peptide bonds between amino acids

every 3rd amino acid is the same/glycine

coil

3 polypeptide chains, hydrogen bonds between

fibril

crosslinks

78
Q

emulsion test for lipids

A

add ethanol

stir

add to water

as biology module 2 (13 decks)

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