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Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix shape

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4
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

One phosphate group
One deoxyribose sugars
One nitrogenous base

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5
Q

Name two types of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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6
Q

What nitrogenous bases are in purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

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7
Q

Name the nitrogenous bases for pyrimidines

A

Thymine and cystosine

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8
Q

What are complementary base pairs?

A

Two corresponding bases that are linked together

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9
Q

How are complementary base pairs linked together?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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10
Q

Which bases in DNA are complimentary?

A

Adenine and thymine
Guanine and cytosine

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11
Q

State the occurrences that happen in DNA replication?

A

1.Enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds and the DNA double helix unwinds
2.Free DNA nucleotides link up complimentary to each exposed strand
The new DNA nucleotides are joined together by DNA polymerase
3. Each new exposed strand winds up into a double helix

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12
Q

What’s the importance of DNA replication?

A

Essential for mitosis to occur

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13
Q

What is DNA profiling?

A

Method of making a unique pattern of bands from DNA that can be distinguished from other DNA

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14
Q

Outline the stages involved in DNA profiling(genetic fingerprinting)?

A

1.The DNA is extracted from a sample of cells
2.Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into restriction fragments which are different length for different people
3.The restriction fragments are separated according to size by a process called gel electrophoresis
4.the sample is viewed under ultra violent rays and analysed each pattern of bands are unique to every person

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15
Q

What do restriction enzymes work?

A

Cut DNA at specific base sequences

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16
Q

Outline gel electrophoresis

A

1.The restriction fragments are placed into a tank containing gel
2.An electric current is passed through and the DNA fragments are attracted to one end of the tank
3.The small fragments move through the gel further than the large fragments
4.Results in a series of bands

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17
Q

Give 2 examples of DNA profiling

A

Crime and medical

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18
Q

What is a gene?

A

Is a section of DNA containing the code for the formation of protein

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19
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

How many common amino acids are found in proteins

A

20

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21
Q

Give examples of protein

A

Hair,skin,muscles

22
Q

Give examples of metabolic proteins

A

Enzymes and antibodies

23
Q

How does the genetic code make protein?

A

1.In a gene a sequence of three nitrogenous bases is known as a triplet/codon
2.Each triplet is a gene is the instruction for a certain amino acid
3.A complete gene has many triplets and codes for many amino acids which assemble into a protein

24
Q

What is a triplet/codon?

A

Sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a gene

25
Q

What is a genome?

A

Complete set of genes in a cell, determines the characteristics of an organism

26
Q

What is coding DNA?

A

DNA with genetic instructions to produce a protein

27
Q

What is non-coding DNA?

A

DNA with the genetic instructions that does not produce a protein

28
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Molecule that copies DNAs genetic code allowing protein to be made

29
Q

What sugar does RNA have?

A

Sugar ribose

30
Q

What sugar does DNA have?

A

Deoxyribose

31
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

Cytoplasm to the ribosome

32
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Nucleus

33
Q

What bases does RNA have?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

34
Q

What’s bases does DNA have?

A

Adenine, guanine,cytosine and thymine

35
Q

Outline how to isolate DNA from a plant tissue

A

1.Chop an onion into very small pieces add salt,washing up liquid and water
2.Place beaker into a water bath for 15 minutes at 60 degrees followed by an ice bath for 5 minutes
3.Pour mixture into a food blender and blend for 3 seconds.Then pour through a coffee filter paper
4.pour into a test tube,add 4 drops of the protease enzyme, pepsin
5.Tilt test tube at an angle and carefully add freezer cold ethanol down the side

36
Q

What forms on the water-ethical border?

A

White strands of DNA precipitate out

37
Q

Why was the onion chopped up into small pieces

A

To increase surface area so it’s easier to break down the structure of the onion cell to release DNA

38
Q

What’s the purpose of adding sodium chloride (salt)

A

Causes DNA to clump together

39
Q

What’s the purpose in adding washing up liquid?

A

Breaks down the cell membrane

40
Q

Why was the beaker placed in a water bath at 60 degrees and for 15 minutes?

A

Denature enzymes that could destroy the DNA

41
Q

Why was the mixture placed in an ice bath for 5 minutes/ why not more then 15 minutes in a hot bath?

A

The avoid the DNA itself breaking down

42
Q

Why was the mixture blended?

A

Shred the onion cell wall

43
Q

Why was the mixture blended for no more then 3 seconds?

A

Avoid the DNA itself shredding

44
Q

Why was the mixture filtered?

A

Remove unwanted parts from the mixture, therefore DNA will pass through

45
Q

Why was coffee filter paper used?

A

Pore of a laboratory filter paper used it would take too long to filtrate, coffee filtrate paper is faster

46
Q

What is a protease?

A

Enzyme that breaks down protein

47
Q

Why were 4 drops of this enzyme added to the onion filtrate?

A

Break down protein around the DNA

48
Q

How was the ethanol added?

A

Slowly down the side of the tilted test tube

49
Q

Why was freezer cold ethanol added?

A

DNA doesn’t dissolve in freezer cold ethanol.

50
Q

Why may a glass rod be used to look at DNA?

A

Become more visible to see

Biology (7 decks)

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