Enzymes And Metabolism Flashcards
What is a metabolism?
Sum of all the chemical reactions that take place within an organism controlled by enzymes
Name the two types of metabolic pathways
Catabolic and Anabolic
What happens in a catabolic reaction?
Breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules releasing energy
Give examples of catabolic reactions
Respiration and digestion
What happens in an anabolic reaction?
Uses energy to convert simpler molecules to more complex molecules
Give examples of anabolic reactions
1.Photosynthesis In plants
2.Protein synthesis in all living things
What is the equation for catabolic reactions ?
A——>B+C+energy
Write the equation for an anabolic reaction
A+B+Energy——>C
What is an enzyme?
Globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst
What is the chemical nature of enzymes?
Are proteins
Where are enzymes manufactured?
In the ribosome
What shape are enzymes?
Globular (folded) shape
Why is the enzyme that shape?
Increases surface area
Give examples of catabolic enzymes?
1.Amylase
2.Lipase
3.Pepsin (protease)
Give examples of anabolic enzyme
1.DNA polymerase
2.RNA polymerase
3.DNA ligase
What is a substrate?
What enzymes react with
What is a product?
Substance formed after the enzyme-substrate reaction
What are active sites?
Areas on the enzyme to which complementary substrates attach
How are enzymes complementary/specific to substrates?
Each enzyme only binds to and reacts with a certain one substrate
Give an account of the model by which enzymes work
1.Complementary substrate collides with enzymes active sites
2.Active sites mould around the substrate, forking a temporary structure called an enzyme-substrate complex
3.reaction takes place and product is formed. the active sites return to normal and the enzyme is unchanged
What is he name of the model which enzymes work “
Induced fit model/active site theory
What is a denatured enzyme?
1.Enzyme that no longer works
2.Shape of active sites have changed and become distorted
3.Substrate can no longer attach to active sites
Give two factors that affect the shape of an active sit of an enzyme?
1.Temperature (very high)
2.pH
What do chemicals cause to active sites shape?
Cause inhibitors also affect the shape of an enzymes active sites
What levels do enzymes work best at?
pH of 6-8 (neutral)
What is meant by optimum pH?
pH at which an enzyme works best,converting substrate into product at the highest rate
How does vinegar help preserve certain foods (exp:pickled onions)?
1.Vinegar is an acid with a low pH
2.Bacterial enzymes denature and they die or cannot multiply
Where in mammals can high amounts of catalase be found?
Liver
Name a plant in which there are high amounts of catalase?
Celery
What group of bio molecules do enzymes belong too?
Protein
What is bio processing/industrial fermentation?
Using micro organisms enzymes to make useful products
What is a immobilised enzyme?
Enzyme fixed or trapped in an unsolvable support
Two advantages of immobilised enzymes?
1.Gives a more pure product
2.enzyme can be re-used
Where does bio processing take place?
1.Takes place Vessel called a bioreactor
2.immobilised enzyme is fed into the bioreactor and removed when product is formed
What is a bioreactor?
Vessel in which enzymes are used to make useful products
Name two ways that enzymes can be immobilised?
1.Trapping a gel (sodium alginate add calcium chloride)
2.Chemically binding enzyme together
Give a use in industry of using an I,mobilised enzyme in industry namming the substrate enzyme and product?
1.immobilised year enzyme convert into glucose into ethanol
2.used in alcoholic drinks
Give a use in industry of using an I,mobilised enzyme in industry namming the substrate enzyme and product?
1.immobilised year enzyme convert into glucose into ethanol
2.used in alcoholic drinks
