Fungi Flashcards
What are some examples that belong to the kingdom of fungi?
1)mushrooms
2)moulds
3)yeast
4)athletes foot
5)ringworm
What are the main features of members of kingdom of fungi?
1)Eukaryotic
2)cell walls have chitin (a carbohydrate)
3)reproduce using spores
4)composed of tubular called hyphae
What way do fungi get nutrition/food?
Heterotrophic - take food from other organisms ,do not make their own food
What are the two types of heterotrophic nutrition?
1)saprophytes
2)parasites
How do saprophytes get food?
Feed on dead organic matter
How do parasites get food?
Feed on a live host cashing harm
Examples of saprophytes in fungi
1)Rhizopus (bread mould)
2)mushrooms
Examples of parasites in fungi
1)Athletes foot
2)ringworm
Give an advantage of saprophytes organisms/what is the role of saprophytes in nature?
Minerals are released and recycled vital for the environment
Give an advantage of parasitic organisms/what is the role of parasites fungi in nature?
Keep population numbers of organism under control
What do plants require
Minerals
What is a stolon (rhizopus fungus)?
Spreads the fungus along surface of the bread
What is a rhizoids (rhizopus fungus)?
1)anchors the fungus
2)releases enzymes to digest the starch and absorb nutrients
What is a sporangiophore (rhizopus fungus)
Grows vertically holding sporangium
What is a sporangium (rhizopus fungus) ?
Produces and stores the haploid spores for asexual reproduction
What are spores ( rhizopus fungus)
Grows in suitable conditions for asexual reproduction
What is a columella (rhizopus fungus)
Supports sporangium and feeds spores
What is a Apophysis (rhizopus fungus)?
Connects sporangiophore and columella
Comment on the mode of nutrition in Rhizopus ?
1)Saprophyte
2)Releases enzyme to digest starch
3)nutrient are absorbed
What is the reproduction of the rhizopus?
Asexually and sexually
What is the name given to asexual reproduction in the rhizopus?
Sporulation
Describe how asexuals reproduction of the rhizopus occurs?
1)haploid spores are produced in sporangium
2)sporangium bursts and releases spores
3)spores land in suitable conditions, then germinate to form new hyphae
Describe how sexual reproduction occurs in the rhizopus?
1)opposite strains of rhizopus (+ and -) grow side by side
2)swellings form which nuclei move into forming progametangium
3)cross walls forms, forming gametangium
4)cross wall dissolves, many fertilisations occur forming diploid zygotes
5)zygospore forms, remain dormant and survive adverse conditions
6)zygospore germinates by meiosis
7)new hyphae forms and produce sporangium releasing ,haploid spores which germinate into new haploid rhizopus fungi again
What is the function of the gametangium?
Produces gametes during sexual reproduction
Give two advantages to rhizopus of zygospore formation?
1)surviving adverse conditions
2)dispersal
Give two reasons why yeast is regarded as an exceptional fungus?
1)doesn’t use spores for reproduction
2)unicellular fungus
Yeast is an anaerobic fungus. What does that mean?
Absence of oxygen , fermentation then occurs
What is the chemical equation for anaerobic fungus?
Yeast
Glucose ———> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (small amount)
Why is yeast fermentation used in industry?
Ethanol produce beers and wines
What is the name given to the reproduction in yeast?
Budding
How does budding in yeast occur?
1)Mitosis occurs in parent cell
2)Bud forms, nucleus and cytoplasm enters
3)bud breaks off from parent cell forming daughter yeast cell
What can happen during rapid reproduction of budding in yeast cell?
Buds may not break off and a colony of yeast cells can form
What is the experiment for fungus?
Investigate the growth of leaf yeast using agar plates
What is the method for the experiment “the growth of leaf yeast using agar plates”?
1)pick leaves from the ash tree, place in sterile plastic bag
2)smear Vaseline inside of the lid of the Petri dish
3)using sterilised forceps attach a leaf to Vaseline
4)set up control without leaf
5)seal with tape and leave lid side up at 25• C for 24 hours
6) turn both plates upside down and leave at 25•C upside down for 3 days
What are the results of the fungus experiment using leaf yeast?
1)Experimental plate form pink colonies
2)Control plate has no growth
What are leaf yeasts?
Yeast that grows on leaves of certain trees
List the precautions you took during the experiment to avoid contamination?
1)leaves in sterile plastic bag
2)disinfectant the bench
3)flame any metal equipment and cool in distilled water
4)petri dishes are opened for as short of a distance and as little as time possible then sealed with tape
Why is so much sterilisation essential in this experiment?
Kill any other micro organisms to avoid contamination
What is nutrient medium?
Substance rich in nutrients that microorganisms will feed and grow on
What nutrient medium was used in the fungi experiment?
Malt agar
What is aseptic?
Exclude unwanted pathogens
What is sterile?
All microorganisms are excluded
What was the plate control in this investigation?
Plate with no leaf
What was the precise purpose of a control in this investigation?
A comparison shows the yeast came from the leaves
Why were the agar plates left standing lid side up in an incubator for 24 hours?
Allows any leaf yeast to fall onto the malt agar
What side of the leaf was facing the agar?
Underside of the leaf, the side the yeast best grows on
Why were the agar plates left upside down in an incubator for 3 days?
1)Avoid condensation in the lid
2) condensation could obscure view
Comment on the results of this experiment?
1)Containing the leaf grew pink colonies of yeast
2)no leaf had no growth
How were the agar plates disposed of?
Disinfectant or and autoclave for 24 hours then into the bin
Suggest two reasons why few or no leaf may have grown on the agar
1)time of year (unsuitable temperature)
2)air pollution
What are the benefits of the economic importance of fungi?
1)yeast produces alcohol
2)edible
3)makes antibiotics
What are the disadvantages of the economic importance of fungi?
1)can cause disease/pathogens
2)poisonous to eat
3)causes food decay (destroys two of paper and crops)
What are some edible fungi?
Mushrooms such as chestnut mushrooms
What are some poisonous fungi?
Mushrooms such as destroying angel
