Nucleic Acid (Module): Part II Flashcards
The period preceding replication is called the _______.
G1 phase (Gap1)
DNA replication occurs during the ______.
S (synthesis) phase
Following DNA synthesis, there is another period (_______) before mitosis (M).
G2 phase, or Gap2
Cells that have stopped dividing, such as mature neurons, are said to have gone out of the cell cycle into the ______
G0 phase
Cells can leave the G0 phase and reenter the early _____ to resume division.
G1 phase
It is a disease characterized by rapid uncontrolled cell division
Cancer
are a class of anticancer drugs that interfere with DNA replication because their structures are similar to molecules required for normal DNA replication.
Antimetabolites
It is a structural analog of folic acid (folate). A derivative of folic acid is needed in one of the early steps of nucleotide synthesis.
Methotrexate
It inhibits the conversion of folic acid to this needed derivative, which shuts down DNA synthesis
Methotrexate
The genetic master plan of an organism is contained in the sequence of deoxyribonucleotides in its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TYPES OF RNA:
formed directly by DNA transcription. Post-transcription processing converts the heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA
Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
TYPES OF RNA:
facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA. It contains from 100 to 200 nucleotides.
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
TYPES OF RNA:
carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
TYPES OF RNA:
combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes, the physical sites for protein synthesis. Most abundant type of RNA in a cell (75% to 80% by mass).
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
TYPES OF RNA:
delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis. Are the smallest of the RNAs, possessing only 75–90 nucleotide units.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of hnRNA/mRNA molecules that carry the coded information needed for protein synthesis
Transcription
A short segment of a DNA strand so transcribed, which contains instructions for the formation of a particular hnRNA/mRNA, is called a ________
gene
It is a segment of a DNA strand that contains the base sequence for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule.
gene
It is all of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism.
genome
The strand of DNA used for hnRNA/mRNA synthesis
TEMPLATE STRAND
The other DNA strand, although not involved in RNA synthesis, gives the base sequence present in the hnRNA strand being synthesized (with the exception of U replacing T).
INFORMATIONAL STRAND
is a gene segment that conveys (codes for) genetic information
EXON
is a gene segment that does NOT conveys (codes for) genetic information
INTRON
is the process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule
SPLICING
is the process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule.
snRNPs (Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle )
“snurps”
is a large assembly of snRNA molecules and proteins involved in the conversion of hnRNA molecules to mRNA molecules
SPLICEOSOMES
is a process by which several different proteins that are variations of a basic structural motif can be produced from a single gene
ALTERNATIVE SPLICING
is all of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome.
TRANSCRIPTOME
is the assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)
genetic code
is a three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid
codon
is the process by which mRNA codons are deciphered and a particular protein molecule is synthesized. The substances needed for this phase of protein synthesis are mRNA molecules, tRNA molecules, amino acids, ribosomes, and a number of different enzymes
Translation
is an rRNA–protein complex that serves as the site for the translation phase of protein synthesis.
ribosome
What are the five general steps to the translation process:
(1) activation of tRNA
(2) initiation
(3) elongation
(4) termination and
(5) post-translational processing.
part of translation where the ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base position (codon) so that a new occupy the ribosomal subunit.
Translocation
What Translation process is this:
An amino acid interacts with ATP to become highly energized. It then form a covalent bond with the 3’ end of a tRNA molecule. Amino acid-tRNA pairing is governed by enzymes
Step 1: Activation of tRNA
What Translation process is this:
The mRNA attached to a ribosome so that the first codon (AUG) is at the P site. A tRNA carrying methionine attached to the first codon.
Step 2: Initiation
What Translation process is this:
Another tRNA with the second amino acid binds at the A site. The methionine transfers from the P site to the A site. The ribosome shifts to the next codon, making its A site available for the tRNA carrying the third amino acid.
Step 3: Elongation
What Translation process is this:
The polypeptide chain continues to lengthen until a stop codon appears on the mRNA. The new protein is cleaved from the last tRNA.
Step 4: Termination
What Translation process is this:
During this phase, cleavage of Met (the initiation codon) usually occurs. S-S bonds between Cys units also can form.
Step 5: Post-Translation Processing
What Translation process is this:
During this phase, cleavage of Met (the initiation codon) usually occurs. S-S bonds between Cys units also can form.
Step 5: Post-Translation Processing
The initiator codon in bacteria.
N-formylmethionine
The initiator codon in human cells.
methionine
binds to the larger bacterial ribosome subunit, blocking the exit of a growing peptide chain.
Erythromycin
blocks the A-site location on the ribosome, preventing the attachment of amino-acid carrying tRNAs.
Terramycin
binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit causing a shape change, which in turn causes a misreading of mRNA information
Streptomycin
binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit in a manner similar to streptomycin.
Neomycin
binds to the ribosome and interferes with the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
Chloramphenicol
is an error in base sequence in a gene that is reproduced during DNA replication. Such errors alter the genetic information that is passed on during transcription. The altered information can cause changes in amino acid sequence during protein synthesis
Mutation
is a substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene. Ex. Ultraviolet light
Mutagen
is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
GENE or DNA MUTATION
are alterations that affect whole chromosomes and whole genes rather than just individual nucleotides
CHROMOSOME MUTATION
is a mutation in which one base in a DNA base sequence is replaced with another base
Point mutation
One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand
Substitution
POINT MUTATIONS:
code for the same amino acid (a “synonymous substitution”). It does not affect the functioning of the protein. A single nucleotide can change, but the new codon specifies the same amino acid, resulting in an unmutated protein.
SILENT MUTATION
POINT MUTATIONS:
When a base substitution results in a stop codon ultimately truncating translation and most likely leading to a nonfunctional protein. Ex. Lys (AAG) to UAG (stop codon)
NONSENSE MUTATION
POINT MUTATIONS:
This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.
MISSENSE MUTATION
POINT MUTATIONS:
Result in an amino acid change. However, the properties of the amino acid remain the same Ex. Lys (polar basic) to Arg (polar basic)
CONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE
POINT MUTATIONS:
Result in an amino acid change that has different properties than the wild type. The protein may lose its function, which can result in a disease in the organism. Ex. Lys (polar basic) to Thr (Polar neutral)
NONCONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE
a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a molecule base sequence. This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene’s reading frame
Frameshift mutation
One or more extra nucleotides are inserted or added into the replicating DNA, often resulting in frameshift. As a result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.
INSERTION
Changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s)
DELETION
CHROMOSOME MUTATION:
A region of a chromosome is lost, resulting in the absence of all the genes in that area
DELETION
CHROMOSOME MUTATION:
A region from one chromosome is aberrantly attached to another chromosome
TRANSLOCATION
CHROMOSOME MUTATION:
A region of a chromosome is repeated, resulting in an increase in dosage from the genes in that region
DUPLICATION
CHROMOSOME MUTATION:
One region of a chromosome is
flipped and reinserted
INVERSION
is a type of DNA form from genetic engineering procedure that contains genetic material from two different organism that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
rDNA or recombinant DNA
Is a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence
polymerase chain reaction
Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction:
When the double-stranded template DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands.
Denaturing
Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction:
When the temperature is lowered to enable the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA.
Annealing
Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction:
When the temperature is raised and the new strand of DNA is made by the Taq polymerase enzyme.
Extending
is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves.
DNA replication
is an unbranched polymer containing the monomer units called nucleotides
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Deoxyribonucleic acids
DNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Ribose
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Single stranded
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Guanine
BOTH
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Adenine
BOTH
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Nucleus
DNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Genetic blueprint
DNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Cytosine
BOTH
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Uracil
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Thymine
DNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Ribonucleic acids
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Double stranded
DNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Nucleolus
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Protein synthesis
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Long strand
DNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Short strand
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Phosphate
BOTH
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Nucleotides
BOTH
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Deoxyribose
DNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Cytoplasm
RNA
DNA, RNA OR BOTH:
Copy the genetic blueprint for transcription
RNA
