Enzymes PPT based (Part II) Flashcards
Greek _____, means “other,” and stereos, means “site or space.”
allo
is an enzyme with two or more protein chains (quaternary structure) and two kinds of binding sites (substrate and regulator)
Allosteric Enzymes
substances that bind at regulatory sites of allosteric enzymes
Regulators
increases enzyme activity; the shape of the active site is changed such that it can more readily accept substrate.
positive regulator
a noncompetitive inhibitor; decreases enzyme activity; changes to the active site are such that substrate is less readily accepted.
negative regulator
a process in which activation or inhibition of the first reaction in a reaction sequence is controlled by a product of the reaction sequence
Feedback Control
an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of peptide bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein
proteolytic enzyme
is the inactive precursor of a proteolytic enzyme
zymogen or proenzyme
is a process in which enzyme activity is altered by covalently modifying the structure of the enzyme through attachment of a chemical group to or removal of a chemical group from a particular amino acid within the enzyme’s structure.
Covalent Modification of Enzymes
Blocks the action of angiotensinogen (specifically angiotensin I) to form the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II. These inhibitors also diminish the rate of bradykinin (potent vasodilator) inactivation.
ACE Inhibitors
acts as a competitive inhibitor to enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for converting PABA into folic acid, specifically competes with the substrate(PABA) for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase
Sulfa Drugs
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide cross links between polysaccharide strands in bacterial cell walls. These cross links strengthen cell walls necessary to protect the bacterium from lysis
Transpeptidase
Interfere with the last step of bacterial cell wall synthesis (transpeptidation or cross-linkage) thus inhibiting transpeptidase enzyme (as very selective competitive inhibitor) exposing the osmotically less stable membrane causing lysis.
Penicillins
an enzyme which protects bacteria
from penicillin
Penicillinase
an enzyme that helps metabolize drugs in the body
cytochrome P450s
A drug used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
Amiodarone
Antidepressants
Buspirone,sertraline
An anti-seizure medication
Carbamazepine
Immunosuppressant drugs
Cyclosporine
Calcium-channel blockers used to treat high blood pressure
Felodipine , nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine
An HIV medication
Saquinavir
Statins used to treat high cholesterol
Simvastatin, lovastatin , atorvastatin
is an enzyme that is found primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle and in smaller fractions in the brain
Creatine kinase
TYPES OF CREATININE KINASE:
- muscle (CK-MM)
- brain (CK-BB),
- cardiac tissue (CK-MB)
important marker in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
cardiac tissue (CK-MB)
TROPONIN:
are sensitive markers of cardiac injury
Troponin I and T
TROPONIN:
is found solely in the cardiac muscle
Troponin I
TROPONIN:
is found in both cardiac and skeletal muscle
Troponin T
liver tissue. It is also located in myocardial, muscle, and renal tissue
Alanine Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
considered a specific marker for liver disease
Alanine Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
found in the liver. It is also present in the heart, kidney, pancreas, lungs, and skeletal muscle
Aspartate Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
For diagnosis of liver disease
Aspartate Aminotransferase/ serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
an enzyme found in the liver, kidney, and pancreas.
g-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)
useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of alcoholic liver disease
g-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)
enzyme involved in the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. is found in many tissues, including heart, brain, liver, skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, and RBCs
Lactate Dehydrogenase
are present in liver tissue, and elevations may be seen in liver disease such as hepatitis and cirrhosis
LDH4 and LDH5
may be useful in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction
LDH1 and LDH2
enzyme that aids in the digestion of fat. It is primarily secreted by the pancreas.
Lipase
useful in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and is considered a more specific marker for pancreatitis than amylase
Lipase
enzyme that aids in digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars
Amylase
What condition is this isoenzyme pattern:
Moderate elevation of LDH1, slight elevation of LDH2
Myocardial infarction
What condition is this isoenzyme pattern:
Large elevation of LDH5, Moderate elevation of LDH4
Acute hepatitis
What condition is this isoenzyme pattern:
Elevation of LDH1-3
Muscular dystrophy
What condition is this isoenzyme pattern:
Large elevation of LDH1
Megaloblastic anemia
What condition is this isoenzyme pattern:
Moderate elevation of LDH1 and LDH2
Sickle cell anemia
What condition is this isoenzyme pattern:
Elevation of LDH5
Arthritis with joint infections
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Liver and pancreatic disease
Amylase
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Prostate cancer
Acid phosphate
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Liver and bone disease
Alkaline phosphatase
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Myocardial infarction and muscle disorders
Creatine phosphokinase
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Myocardial infarction, leukemia, anemia
Lactate dehydrogenase
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Hypertension
Renin
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Myocardial infarction
Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Infectious hepatitis
Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Acute pancreatitis
Trypsin
Major diagnostic use of what enzyme:
Wilson’s disease
Ceruplasmin
It is an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of fats. It is secreted by pancreas and Liver.
Lipase
is the enzyme concerned with the break down of dietary starch and glycogen to maltose
α- amylase
It is present in pancreatic juice and saliva as well as in liver fallopian tubes and muscles. The enzyme is excreted in the Urine.
α- Amylase
is secreted by pancreas, elevated levels of this in plasma occur during acute pancreatic disease.
Trypsin
are a group of enzymes, which hydrolyze phosphate esters at an alkaline pH. They are found in bone, liver, kidney, intestinal wall, lactating mammary gland and placenta. In bone the enzyme is found in osteoblasts and is probably important for normal bone function.
Alkaline phosphates (ALP)
catalyzing the hydrolysis of various phosphate esters at acidic pH is found in the prostate, liver, red cells, platelets and bone. It may be elevated in metastatic prostatic carcinoma
Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of aspartic acid to α- ketoglutarate forming glutamate and oxaloacetate.
Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
It catalyzes the reversible interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. It is widely distributed with high concentrations in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, brain and erythrocytes.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
This enzyme is increased in plasma in myocardial infarction, acute leukemias, generalized carcinomatosis and in acute hepatitis. Estimation of it isoenzymes is more useful in clinical diagnosis to differentiate hepatic disease and myocardial infarction.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
is found in heart muscle brain and skeletal muscle
Creatine kinase (CK) or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
