Lipids Flashcards
are a heterogeneous group of compounds, including fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds, which are related more by their physical than by their chemical properties
LIPIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPID:
Triacylglycerols
Energy-storage lipids
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
* Phospholipids
* sphingoglycolipids
* Cholesterol
Membrane lipid
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
* Bile acids
Emulsification lipids
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
* steroid hormones
* Eicosanoids
Messenger lipids
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS:
Biological waxes
Protective coating lipids
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Based upon whether or not saponification occurs
a. Cholesterol
b. Steroid hormones
c. Bile acids
d. Eicosanoids
Nonsaponifiable lipids
building blocks of lipids
FATTY ACIDS
are naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid
FATTY ACIDS
CARBON CHAIN LENGTH:
C12 to C26
long-chain fatty acids
CARBON CHAIN LENGTH:
C8 and C10
medium-chain fatty acids
CARBON CHAIN LENGTH:
C4 and C6
short-chain fatty acids
is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds.
saturated fatty acid
is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon carbon double bond is present
monounsaturated fatty acid
is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon–carbon double bonds are present.
polyunsaturated fatty acid
Common name for polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Linoleic acid
unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end.
omega-3 fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end
omega-6 fatty acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Vinegar
Acetic acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
An end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen Organisms
Propionic acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Glycerides in butter
Butyric acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Goat and Cow butter; Coconut fat
Caproic acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Goat and Cow butter; Coconut fat; Human Fat
Caprylic acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Goat and Cow butter; Coconut fat; Fat of spice bush
Capric acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Spermaceti, cinnamon, palm kernel oil, coconut oils, laurels, butter
Lauric
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, myrtles, butter
Myristic acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Animal and vegetable fats; spermaceti; beeswax
Palmitic acid
Fatty acid and occurrence:
Animal and vegetable fats
Stearic acid
WATER SOLUBILITY: Solubility decreases as carbon chain length ______.
Increases
WATER SOLUBILITY:
Long-chain fatty acids are essentially ______ in water
insoluble
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS: MELTING POINTS
As carbon chain length increases, melting point _____.
increases
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS: MELTING POINTS
The greater the degree of unsaturation, the _____ the reduction in melting points.
greater
Long-chain saturated fatty acids tend to be ____at room temperature, whereas long-chain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be _____at room temperature.
solids, liquids
Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
Simple lipids
Esters of fatty acids with glycerol
Fats
Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.
Waxes
Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid.
Complex or compound lipids
Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a
phosphoric acid residue. They frequently have nitrogen containing bases and other substituents
Phospholipids
contain carbohydrate and nitrogenous base
Glycolipids
Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate
Glycosphingolipids
storage site of triacylglycerols in the human body, specifically in the special cells known as ADIPOCYTES
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Most abundant type of lipids present in the body. More efficient at storing energy than glycogen, large quantities can be packed in very small volume.
TRIACYLGLYCEROL
Is a lipid form by esterification of three fatty acids to a glycerol
molecules.
Triacylglycerol, TAG
Is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acids molecule
Simple Triacylglycerol
A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecules.
Mixed Triacylglycerol
naturally occurring mixtures of triacylglycerol
FATS AND OILS
FATS OR OILS:
Solid or semisolid at room temp
FATS
FATS OR OILS:
Liquid at room temp
OILS
FATS OR OILS:
Obtained from animal sources
FATS
FATS OR OILS:
Obtained from plants
OILS
FATS OR OILS:
Saturated compounds predominates
FATS
FATS OR OILS:
Mono and polyunsaturated compounds predominates
OILS
FATS OR OILS:
“Linearity” of fatty acids causing the molecule to be closely packed
FATS
FATS OR OILS:
“Bends” chain causing the molecule incapable of close packing
OILS
FATS OR OILS:
Higher melting point
FATS
FATS OR OILS:
Lower melting point
OILS
Compound responsible for the pain killing effect of ibuprofen which is also present in freshly pressed olive oil
Oleocanthal
Recommended consumption of Saturated Fats:
Not more than 10% of total calories per day
Saturated fats are consist of how many bonds
SINGLE
Unsaturated fats are consist of how many bonds
at least 1 DOUBLE bond
Excessive consumption of this is not good because of their association with heart diseases. What is this?
Saturated Fats
Saturated fats increases what Lipoproteins
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL or bad cholesterol) & Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL’s)
It is commonly found in Butter, coconut oil, whole milk, butter, margarine, cheese, fried foods, & frozen dinners
Saturated Fats
It is commonly found in Avocado, soybean oil, canola oil and olive oil, sunflower oil, fish oils walnuts
Unsaturated Fats
What is the physical state at room temp. of the Saturated fats?
Solid
What is the physical state at room temp. of the unsaturated fats?
Liquid
What fatty acid is needed in the human body that must be obtain from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesize with in the body, in adequate amounts, from other substances.
Essential Fatty Acids
are needed for proper membrane structure
Essential Fatty Acids
serve as starting materials for the production of several nutritionally important longer chain omega-6 and omega-3 acids
Essential Fatty Acids
primary member of Omega-6 acid family.
Linoleic acid
is the starting material for biosysthesis of arachedonic acid
Linoleic acid
primary member of Omega-3 acid family.
Linolenic acid
2 Types of Fat Substitutes
- Calorie Reduced
- Calorie Free
the best known calorie reduced fat substitute
Simplesse
Simplesse made from the protein of fresh egg white and milk by a procedure called
Microparticulation
the best known calorie free fats substitute.
Olestra
Terminologies used for fat substitute: means less than 0.5g of fat per serving
Fat free
Terminologies used for fat substitute: means 3g or less fat per 50g serving
Low fat
Terminologies used for fat substitute: means at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food
Reduce fat or less fat
Terminologies used for fat substitute: means less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving
Calorie free
the reverse of the esterification reaction by which it was formed.
Hydrolysis
Products of Hydrolysis:
Glycerols
Fatty acids
Two Hydrolysis Process: where all three fatty acids are removed.
Complete hydrolysis
Two Hydrolysis Process: one or more of the fatty acid residues remains attached to the glycerol.
Partial hydrolysis
All cells are surrounded by membrane that confines their contents.
MEMBRANE LIPIDS
3 important membrane lipids:
A. Phospholipids
B. Sphingoglycolipids
C. Cholesterol
______ that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid based lipids
C27 steroid molecule
carry cholesterol from the liver to various cells or tissues of the body
LDL
carry excess cholesterol from body tissues back to the liver for degradation to bile acids
HDL
transport triacylglycerols from the liver to adipose tissue
VLDL
transport dietary triacylglycerols from the intestines to the liver and adipose tissue
CHYLOMICRONS
a form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque along the inner walls of arteries.
Atherosclerosis
is a mound of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium
Plaque
is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
is a two layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure
Lipid bilayer
Transport Across Cell Membranes:
Not requiring protein
Passive Transport
Transport Across Cell Membranes:
Proteins serve as “gates”
Facilitated transport
Transport Across Cell Membranes:
Proteins serve as “pumps”
Active Transport
- 90% drugs are transported across biologic membranes
- Movement of drug if there is a concentration gradient , meaning, drug concentration on one side of the membrane is higher than that of the other side
- No energy expenditure
PASSIVE DIFFUSION
- Carier mediated
- Permeability is dependent on the number of carriers
- 5-10% of drugs are transported this way, usually small MW drugs with structures similar to food (peptides,nucleosides,nucleotides) so permeability is affected by the presence of food due to carrier competition of nutrients
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Carier mediated
- Permeability is dependent on the number of carriers
- 5-10% of drugs are transported this way, usually small MW drugs with structures similar to food (peptides,nucleosides,nucleotides) so permeability is affected by the presence of food due to carrier competition of nutrients
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- The drug binds with an intrinsic factor carrier like vitamin B12
- It passes through the membrane but no energy expenditure
- Transfer is downhill and fast
- Saturable process. The rate limiting step is the number of intrinsic factor
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion.
Bile
a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract
Bile acid
is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution
emulsifier
Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called _______
bile salts
Regulatory lipids that act in the tissue where they are synthesized or at other locations after transport via the blood stream.
Messenger Lipids
is a biochemical substance, produced by a ductless gland, that has a messenger function
chemical messenger
It serves as a means of communication between various tissues.
chemical messenger
carry information and instructions from one group of cells to another.
chemical messenger
is a hormone that is a cholesterol derivatives
STEROID HORMONE
Major classes of steroid hormones:
which control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
sex hormones
Major classes of steroid hormones:
which regulate numerous biochemical processes in the body.
adrenocorticoid hormones
It is the primary estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics.
Estradiol
It is the primary estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics.
Estradiol
The primary androgen; responsible for secondary male characteristics.
Testosterone
Bile acids always carry an amino acid either __________ attached to the side-chain carboxyl group via an amide linkage
glycine or taurine
2 subtypes of Steroid Hormones
- Sex Hormones
- Adrenocorticoids
3 types of Sex Hormones
- Estrogen
- Androgen
- Progestin
3 subtypes of Eicosanoids
- Prostaglandins
- Thromboxanes
- Leukotrienes
List the 3 natural hormones.
- Estradiol
- Testosterone
- Progesterone
List the 3 synthetic steroids.
- Norethynodrel
- RU-486
- Methandrostenolone
It is a natural hormone, which the primary is estrogen; responsible for secondary female characteristics.
Estradiol
The primary is androgen; responsible for secondary male characteristics.
Testosterone
The primary is progestin; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
Progesterone
It is a synthetic progestin.
Norethynodrel
It is a synthetic abortion drug; mifepristone.
RU-486
It is a synthetic tissue-building steroid.
Methandrostenolone
For women: ovaries and adrenal cortex.
For men: testes and adrenal gland
Estrogen
for the development of female secondary sex characteristics at the onset of puberty
Estrogen
for regulation of the menstrual cycle
ESTROGEN
stimulate the development of the mammary glands during pregnancy and induce estrus (heat) in animals
ESTROGEN
What are the types of estrogen?
- Estradiol
- Estriol
- Estrone
It is the most commonly measured type of estrogen for nonpregnant women. The amount of this in a woman’s blood varies throughout her menstrual cycle. After menopause, the production of this drops to a very low but constant level.
Estradiol
Levels of this usually are only measured during pregnancy. It is produced in a large amounts by the placenta, the tissue that links the fetus to the mother. It can be detected as early as the 9th week of pregnancy, and its levels increase until delivery. It can also be measured in urine.
Estriol
May be measured in women who have gone through menopause to determine their estrogen levels. It also may be measured in men or women who might have cancer of the ovaries, testicles, or adrenal glands
Estrone
