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BIO 024: Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Called “sugars” and “starches” with a symbol of Cn(H2O)n

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Made of many atoms of carbon and water molecules (H2O) together with either aldehyde or ketone.

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Carbohydrates stores in form of ______, which provides a short-term energy reserve.

A

Glycogen

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4
Q

It is a carbohydrate that contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit.

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

Carbohydrates that contains two to ten monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other.

A

Oligosaccharides

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6
Q

Polymeric carbohydrate that contains ass many monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other.

A

Polysaccharides

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7
Q

A monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group. Often called polyhydroxy aldehydes.

A

Aldose

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8
Q

A monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group.

A

Ketose

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9
Q

These are images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other.

A

Superimposable mirror images (Achiral)

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10
Q

These are images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other.

A

Nonsuperimposable mirror images (Chiral)

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11
Q

It is an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it.

A

Chiral center

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12
Q

It is a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable.

A

Chiral molecule

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13
Q

It is a molecule whose mirror images are superimposable.

A

Achiral molecule

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14
Q

What molecule has 3 or 4 elements, and sometimes contains oxygen.

A

Achiral molecule

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15
Q

Does not have 4 different atoms or groups bonded to the carbon (2 hydrogens)

A

Achiral

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16
Q

Has 4 different atoms bonded to the carbon.

A

Chiral

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17
Q

Has 4 different groups bonded to the carbon.

A

Chiral

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18
Q

Only has 3 atoms bonded to the carbon.

A

Achiral

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19
Q

Monosaccharides, the simplest type of carbohydrate and the building block for more complex types of carbohydrates, are almost always “______”

A

Right-handed

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20
Q

These are isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space.

A

Stereoisomerism

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21
Q

This subtype of stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable.

A

Enantiomers

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22
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of Stereoisomerism?

A

Enantiomers and Diastereomers

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23
Q

What subtype of stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other.

A

Diastereomers

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24
Q

A compound that rotates the plane of polarized light.

A

Optically active compound

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25
Q

It is a chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a clockwise directions, means “right”.

A

Dextrorotatory compound

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26
Q

It is a chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a counterclockwise, means “left”

A

Levorotatory compound

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27
Q

Under Fischer projection formula: If the -OH is in the right, then it’s a ________

A

D-isomer

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28
Q

Under Fischer projection formula: If the -OH is in the left, then it’s a _________

A

L-isomer

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29
Q

It is a projection formula with a two dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules.

A

Fischer Projection Formula

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30
Q

Fischer projection formula was named after _______.

A

Emil Fischer

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31
Q

A projection formula which is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

A

Haworth Projection Formula

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32
Q

A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring is called

A

Pyranose

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33
Q

A cyclic monosaccharide containing a five-atom ring is called

A

Furanose

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34
Q

It is is the hemiacetal carbon atom present in a cyclic monosaccharide structure.

A

Anomeric carbon atom

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35
Q

Cyclic monosaccharide formation always produces two stereoisomer — an alpha form and a beta form. These two isomers are called _____.

A

Anomers

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36
Q

What forms when a monosaccharide reacts to oxygen?

A

Acidic sugar

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37
Q

What are the three types of Acidic sugar?

A

Aldonic Acid
Alduronic Acid
Aldaric Acid

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38
Q

What acidic sugar uses weak oxidizing agent and has acid group on top.

A

Aldonic Acid

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39
Q

What acidic sugar uses enzyme and has an acid group on bottom.

A

Alduronic Acid

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40
Q

What acidic sugar uses strong oxidizing agent and has acid groups both on top and bottom.

A

Aldaric Acid

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41
Q

What forms when a monosaccharide is added with alcohol?

A

Sugar Alcohol

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42
Q

It is used as a sweetening agent in chewing gum.

A

D-sorbitol

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43
Q

It is a reaction between disaccharide, where two sugars are combined together.

A

Glycoside Formation

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44
Q

It is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group. It can exist both in alpha and beta form.

A

Glycoside

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45
Q

is the bond in a disaccharide resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom -OH group of one monosaccharide and an -OH group on the other monosaccharide.

A

Glycosidic linkage

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46
Q

1/3 as sweet as sucrose, combination of 2 glucose in a-D glucose formation and known as Malt sugar.

A

Maltose

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47
Q

It s a combination of 2 glucose units in a-D-glucose and B-D-glucose formation.

A

Cellobiose

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48
Q

Combination of galactose & glucose, known as Milk sugar.

A

Lactose

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49
Q

Combination of glucose and fructose, known as table sugar.

A

Sucrose

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50
Q

What building blocks are right handed (D-glucose)?

A

Monosaccharides

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51
Q

What building blocks are L-phenylalanine?

A

Proteins

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52
Q

Pure monosaccharides are

A

water soluble, white, crystalline solids

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53
Q

The simplest of the monosaccharides, these two trioses are important intermediates in the process of
glycolysis, a series of reactions whereby glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate.

A

D- D-Glyceraldehyde & Dihydroxyacetone

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54
Q

PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:

Found in nucleic acid, structural elements of nucleic acids and coenzymes, eg, ATP, NAD, NADP, flavoproteins. The phosphates of these are intermediates in pentose phosphate pathway.

A

D-Ribose (DNA Sugar)

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55
Q

PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:

Formed in metabolic processes.

A

D-Ribulose

56
Q

PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC

Found in gum arabic, plum, and cherry gums. It is a constitudent of glycoproteins.

A

D-Arabinose

57
Q

PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:

Found in wood gums, proteoglycans, glycosaminogly cans.

A

D-Xylose (Wood Sugar)

58
Q

PENTOSES OF PHYSIOLOGIC:

Found in the heart muscle. It is a constituent of a lyxoflavin isolated from human heart muscle.

A

D-Lyxose

59
Q

a component of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and energy-rich compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Ribose

60
Q

The prefix deoxy- means

A

“minus an oxygen”

61
Q

It is the “sugar” of the body. The sugar carried by the blood, and the principle one used by the tissues.

A

D-Glucose

62
Q

Also known as Grape sugar, Dextrose, and Blood sugar

A

D-Glucose

63
Q

This can be changed to glucose in the liver and used in the body.

A

D-Fructose

64
Q

Known as levulose fruit sugar or dietary sugar.

A

D-Fructose

65
Q

This can be changed to glucose in the liver and metabolized. Synthesized in the mammary gland to make the lactose of milk.

A

D-Galactose

66
Q

A constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins (present in the brain).

A

D-Galactose

67
Q

Chemical markers that distinguish various types of blood.

A

D-Galactose

68
Q

This is a constituent of many glycoproteins

A

D-Mannose

69
Q

a disaccharide consisting of a glucose unit and a galactose unit

A

D-Galactose

70
Q

sometimes called brain sugar because it is a component of glycoproteins found in brain and nerve tissue

A

D-Galactose

71
Q

______ are diastereomers whose molecules differ only in the configuration at one chiral center.

A

Epimers

72
Q

Of all monosaccharides, it is the most abundant in nature and the most important from a human nutritional standpoint

A

D-Glucose

73
Q

_______ tastes sweet, is nutritious.

A

D-Glucose

74
Q

_______ is tasteless, and the body cannot use it.

A

L-Glucose

75
Q

biochemically the most important ketohexose. It is also known as levulose and fruit sugar

A

D-Fructose

76
Q

used as a dietary sugar not because it has fewer calories per gram than other sugars but because less is needed for the same amount of sweetness.

A

D-Fructose

77
Q

Two monosaccharides are bonded together by a

A

glycosidic bond

78
Q

______, one-third as sweet as sucrose, is produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down, as happens in plants when seeds germinate and in human beings during starch digestion

A

MALTOSE

79
Q

It is a common ingredient in baby foods and is found in malted milk.

A

MALTOSE

80
Q

an interesting compound because of its use in alcohol production (fermentation).

A

MALTOSE

81
Q

produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose

A

CELLOBIOSE

82
Q

ingredient in infant formulas that are designed to simulate mother’s milk.

A

LACTOSE

82
Q

ingredient in infant formulas that are designed to simulate mother’s milk.

A

LACTOSE

83
Q

used to describe the condition where milk- drinking ability continues into adulthood

A

Lactase persistence

84
Q

a condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase, which is needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose.

A

Lactose intolerance

85
Q

Causes of Lactose intolerance:

A
  • Genetic defect
  • Physiological decline w/ age
  • Injury to the mucosal lining of the intestines
86
Q

caused by the absence of one or more of the enzymes needed or the conversion of galactose to glucose. In people with this condition, galactose and its toxic metabolic derivative galactitol (dulcitol) accumulate in the blood.

A

Galactosemia

86
Q

caused by the absence of one or more of the enzymes needed or the conversion of galactose to glucose. In people with this condition, galactose and its toxic metabolic derivative galactitol (dulcitol) accumulate in the blood.

A

Galactosemia

87
Q

What can be the cause of Galactosemia?

A

mental retardation in infants and even death

88
Q

is the most abundant of all disaccharides and occurs throughout the plant kingdom

A

SUCROSE

89
Q

the enzyme needed to break the a, b(1 : 2) linkage in sucrose, is present in the human body

A

Sucrase

90
Q

Sucrose hydrolysis (digestion) produces an
equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose called

A

invert sugar.

91
Q

sweetener for food and beverages

A

H F C S / High-fructose corn syrup

92
Q

Sugar substitutes of sucrose are:

A
  • saccharin
  • sodium cyclamate
  • aspartame (nutra sweet)
93
Q

is synthesized from sucrose by substitution of three chlorine atoms for hydroxyl groups.
- heatstable
- 600x sweeter than sucrose
- calorie free

A

Sucralose

94
Q

an aspartame derivative. The same two amino acids are present as in aspartame.
- 7000x sweeter than sucrose

A

neotame

95
Q

Two naturally occurring oligosaccharides:

A

a. Raffinose
b. Stachyose

96
Q

Composed of trisaccharide, galactose, glucose, and fructose

A

Raffinose

97
Q

Composed of tetrasaccharide, galactose, glucose, and fructose with additional galactose

A

Stachyose

98
Q

a toxin found in the potato plant , is another example of an oligosaccharide-containing “complex” molecule.

A

Solanine

99
Q

Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides found in:

A

chitin and hyaluronic acid.

100
Q

present in the biochemical markers on red blood cells, which distinguish the various
blood types.

A

N-acetyl

101
Q

MARKING SYSTEM FOR BLOOD TYPES:

A
  1. D-galactose
  2. N-acetyl-a-D-glucosamine
  3. N-acetyl-a-D-galactosamine
  4. a-L-Fucose (a-6-Deoxy-L-galactose)
102
Q

The absence or presence of a _____ monosaccharide (attached to the second
galactose) determines blood type.

A

Fifth

103
Q

oligosaccharide molecules that are attached to the plasma membrane of red blood cells

A

Biochemical markers

104
Q

Type O blood lacks a _____.

A

fifth monosaccharide unit

105
Q

What blood type has N-acetylgalactosamine as a fifth unit?

A

Type A blood

106
Q

What blood type has galactose as a fifth unit?

A

Type B blood

107
Q

What blood type contains both type A
and type B markers

A

Type AB blood

108
Q

an alternate name for a polysaccharide

A

Glycan

109
Q

is a polysaccharide in which only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present. ex: starch, glucan, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

A

homopolysaccharide

110
Q

is a polysaccharide that is a storage form for monosaccharides and is used as an energy source in cells

A

STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES

111
Q
  • a homopolysaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharide units.
  • It is the energy-storage polysaccharidein plants.
  • aka amylum
A

STARCH

112
Q

Type of Starches:

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

113
Q

Type of starches:

straight-chain glucose polymer, usually accounts for 15%-20% of the starch.

A

Amylose

114
Q

Type of starches:

A branched glucose polymer, accounts for the remaining 80%-85% of the starch.

A

Amylopectin

115
Q
  • is a branched polysaccharide containing only glucose units.
A

GLYCOGEN

116
Q

it is the glucose storage polysaccharide in humans and animals and sometimes referred to as animal starch.

A

GLYCOGEN

117
Q

are the storage sites for glycogen in humans.

A

Liver cells and muscle cells

118
Q

is a polysaccharide that serves as a structural element in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons

A

STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES

119
Q

These two opposing processes are called _________________, the formation and decomposition of glycogen, respectively

A

glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

120
Q

the structural component of plant cell walls

A

Gossypium hirsatum (CELLULOSE)

121
Q

-is the most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide.
-the “woody” portions of plants—stems, stalks, and trunks—have particularly high concentrations of this fibrous, water-insoluble substance.
- Like amylose(a-1:4), cellulose (b-1:4) is an unbranched glucose polymer

A

Gossypium hirsatum (CELLULOSE)

122
Q

The 2nd most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide, next to cellulose . Its function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods. It also has been found in the cell walls of fungi

A

CHITIN

123
Q

polysaccharide with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both disaccharide components has a negative charge due to a sulfate group or a
carboxyl group.

A

ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

124
Q

contains alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-Dglucosamine (NAG) and D-Glucuronate

A

HYALURONIC ACID

125
Q
  • Highly viscous hyaluronic acid solutions serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints,
  • are also associated with the jelly-like consistency of the vitreous humor of the eye. (The Greek word hyalos means “glass”; hyaluronic acid solutions have a glass-like appearance.)
A

HYALURONIC ACID

126
Q

small highly-sulfated polysaccharide with only 15–90 disaccharide residues per chain.
- blood anticoagulant. It is naturally present in mast cells and is released at the site of tissue
injury.
- It prevents the formation of clots in the blood and retards the growth of existing clots within the blood. It does not, however, break down clots that have already formed.
- The source for pharmaceutical heparin is intestinal or lung tissue of slaughter-house animals (pigs and cows).

A

HEPARIN

127
Q

is at the core of the metabolic disorder known as diabetes; either the body does not produce enough insulin or body cells do not respond properly to the insulin that is produced

A

Insulin

128
Q

It is released when blood-glucose levels are low

A

GLUCAGON

129
Q

also called adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement.

A

EPINEPHRINE

129
Q

also called adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement.

A

EPINEPHRINE

130
Q

which is usually simply referred to as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

131
Q

is the result of inadequate insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreas. Control of this condition involves insulin injections and special dietary programs

A

Type 1 diabetes

132
Q

results from insulin resistance, a condition in
which cells fail to use insulin properly

A

Type 2 diabetes

BIO 024: Biochemistry (16 decks)

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