Nuclear weapons Flashcards
Europe remains deeply divided over the …, with NATO membership the main political fault line between treaty critics and sympathizers. Since 2010, NATO has described itself as a nuclear alliance. In December 2020, all 30 of its members collectively stated their opposition to the ban treaty, but that appearance of unity is vanishing as the treaty picks up support in key allied nations.
The 27 EU members, by contrast, have agreed to disagree on the …. Three EU states … are parties to the …, while France, the only EU nuclear-weapon state, remains a staunch opponent. The other European states linger somewhere between these positions.
Europe remains deeply divided over the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), with NATO membership the main political fault line between treaty critics and sympathizers. Since 2010, NATO has described itself as a nuclear alliance. In December 2020, all 30 of its members collectively stated their opposition to the ban treaty, but that appearance of unity is vanishing as the treaty picks up support in key allied nations.
The 27 EU members, by contrast, have agreed to disagree on the TPNW. Three EU states (Ireland, Austria and Malta) are parties to the TPNW, while France, the only EU nuclear-weapon state, remains a staunch opponent. The other European states linger somewhere between these positions.
More importantly, … and the EU also signed a ‘research and development cooperation in the field of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy’ to facilitate cooperation in the peaceful and non-explosive uses of nuclear energy. This agreement was negotiated over a period of 13 years and was signed in 2020.
More importantly, India and the EU also signed a ‘research and development cooperation in the field of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy’ to facilitate cooperation in the peaceful and non-explosive uses of nuclear energy. This agreement was negotiated over a period of 13 years and was signed in 2020.
The EU encourages all States to minimise … in civilian stocks and use, where technically and economically feasible, and to share experiences including updates on progress in this regard.
We recall that effective and transparent export controls are important for facilitating the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, as set out in Article IV of the NPT. Multilateral export control regimes contribute to the prevention of the proliferation of WMDs and their means of delivery and promote transparency and greater responsibility in transfers of … goods and technologies. The EU therefore fully supports the existing multilateral export control regimes, including the … and the … Committee.
The EU encourages all States to minimise Highly Enriched Uranium in civilian stocks and use, where technically and economically feasible, and to share experiences including updates on progress in this regard.
We recall that effective and transparent export controls are important for facilitating the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, as set out in Article IV of the NPT. Multilateral export control regimes contribute to the prevention of the proliferation of WMDs and their means of delivery and promote transparency and greater responsibility in transfers of dual-use goods and technologies. The EU therefore fully supports the existing multilateral export control regimes, including the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Zangger Committee.
The EU has persistently called for the immediate commencement and early conclusion of the negotiation of a Treaty banning the production of … for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, based on document CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein.
The EU has persistently called for the immediate commencement and early conclusion of the negotiation of a Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, based on document CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein.
The main significance of this paragraph is that parties to the NPT should not export, directly or indirectly, nuclear material and equipment to non-nuclear-weapon States unless the export is subject to …. By interpreting and implementing article III, paragraph 2, the … helps to prevent the diversion of exported nuclear items from peaceful purposes to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and thereby furthers the objectives of the Treaty and enhances the security of all States.
The main significance of this paragraph is that parties to the NPT should not export, directly or indirectly, nuclear material and equipment to non-nuclear-weapon States unless the export is subject to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. By interpreting and implementing article III, paragraph 2, the Zangger Committee helps to prevent the diversion of exported nuclear items from peaceful purposes to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and thereby furthers the objectives of the Treaty and enhances the security of all States.
Zangger Committee Members
… is a term used to describe the commitment by nuclear weapon states (NWS) to refrain from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS).
Despite the importance of binding a universal … to NNWS, no such arrangement has been formalized within or added to the context of the NPT, except at the regional level through …
Negative Security Assruance (NSA) is a term used to describe the commitment by nuclear weapon states (NWS) to refrain from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS).
Despite the importance of binding a universal NSA to NNWS, no such arrangement has been formalized within or added to the context of the NPT, except at the regional level through Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (NWFZ).
Following the US decision to withdraw from the agreement in … and to re-impose previously lifted sanctions, the EU … to continue pursuing legitimate trade with Iran.
The EU updated its Blocking Statute, and set up the …, a special purpose vehicle to facilitate legitimate trade between Europe and Iran.
Since … Iran has taken different steps to reduce its nuclear commitments. The EU and its Member States have consistently urged Iran to reverse these steps and to refrain from further measures that undermine the nuclear deal.
Since …, several rounds of talks took place in Vienna to negotiate the return of the United States to the JCPOA and how to ensure the full and effective implementation of the agreement by all sides.
Following the US decision to withdraw from the agreement in May 2018 and to re-impose previously lifted sanctions, the EU remained determined to continue pursuing legitimate trade with Iran.
The EU updated its Blocking Statute, and set up the INSTEX, a special purpose vehicle to facilitate legitimate trade between Europe and Iran.
Since July 2019 Iran has taken different steps to reduce its nuclear commitments. The EU and its Member States have consistently urged Iran to reverse these steps and to refrain from further measures that undermine the nuclear deal.
Since April 2021, several rounds of talks took place in Vienna to negotiate the return of the United States to the JCPOA and how to ensure the full and effective implementation of the agreement by all sides.
The JCPOA is a robust verifiable agreement that sets a series of strict limitations on Iran’s access to …. In addition, the agreement gives the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) unprecedented ….
The JCPOA is a robust verifiable agreement that sets a series of strict limitations on Iran’s access to nuclear material and sensitive equipment. In addition, the agreement gives the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) unprecedented access to monitor and verify Iran’s programme.
Safeguards are a set of … measures that are applied by the … on nuclear facilities and material. Through these … measures, the … seeks to independently verify a State’s legal obligation that nuclear facilities are not … and nuclear material is not …. States accept these measures through the conclusion of safeguards agreements.
Safeguards are a set of technical measures that are applied by the IAEA on nuclear facilities and material. Through these technical measures, the IAEA seeks to independently verify a State’s legal obligation that nuclear facilities are not misused and nuclear material is not diverted from peaceful uses. States accept these measures through the conclusion of safeguards agreements.
The EU has closed its ports to Russia’s entire merchant fleet of over 2 800 vessels. However, the measure does not affect vessels carrying energy, pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural and food products, humanitarian aid, coal, … and other goods necessary for the functioning of civil ….
The EU has closed its ports to Russia’s entire merchant fleet of over 2 800 vessels. However, the measure does not affect vessels carrying energy, pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural and food products, humanitarian aid, coal, nuclear fuel and other goods necessary for the functioning of civil nuclear capabilities.
How many EU countries have signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty?
All EU Member States
The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the … of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the … and to further the goal of achieving nuclear … and general and complete …. The Treaty represents the only … commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States. Opened for signature in x, the Treaty entered into force in x. On 11 May 1995, the Treaty was …. A total of x States have joined the Treaty, including the five nuclear-weapon States. More countries have ratified the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the Treaty’s significance.
The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. The Treaty represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States. Opened for signature in 1968, the Treaty entered into force in 1970. On 11 May 1995, the Treaty was extended indefinitely. A total of 191 States have joined the Treaty, including the five nuclear-weapon States. More countries have ratified the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the Treaty’s significance.
