Nuclear Safety Flashcards
ENEF meetings organised alternatively in … or … and the meeting agendas are linked to the energy challenges faced by the EU and its member countries, with a particular focus on the role of nuclear energy within the strategic framework for the EU energy union.
ENEF meetings organised alternatively in Prague (Czechia) or Bratislava (Slovakia) and the meeting agendas are linked to the energy challenges faced by the EU and its member countries, with a particular focus on the role of nuclear energy within the strategic framework for the EU energy union.
ENEF is open to everyone with an interest in nuclear energy and usually gathers stakeholders in the nuclear field: governments of EU countries, EU institutions including the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee, representatives of the … and …, electricity consumers, and civil society.
ENEF is open to everyone with an interest in nuclear energy and usually gathers stakeholders in the nuclear field: governments of EU countries, EU institutions including the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee, representatives of the nuclear industry and regulators, electricity consumers, and civil society.
ENEF has been criticised of not being inclusive but rather partisan. Which members lost on this account?
On 2018, Nuclear Transparency Watch (NTW) and the European Environmental Bureau (EEB) abandoned the ENEF.
The primary responsibility for nuclear safety lies with … and …. The specific responsibilities of the Commission in this area are to develop the … legal framework and oversee its transposition in Member States; to verify Member States’ … facilities; and to check the compatibility of nuclear investments with the ….
The primary responsibility for nuclear safety lies with nuclear installations’ licence holders and national authorities. The specific responsibilities of the Commission in this area are to develop the Euratom legal framework and oversee its transposition in Member States; to verify Member States’ radioactivity monitoring facilities; and to check the compatibility of nuclear investments with the Euratom Treaty.
Shortly after …, the European Union set up the European Community Urgent Radiological Information Exchange (…) system to make early-notification and reliable … information available to EU Member States in case of …. The legal basis for participation in ECURIE is the EU Council Decision 87/600/Euratom. ECURIE is operated by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Energy. In the event of a …, information is shared between countries using the WebECURIE system.
Shortly after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986, the European Union set up the European Community Urgent Radiological Information Exchange (ECURIE) system to make early-notification and reliable radiological information available to EU Member States in case of nuclear accidents. The legal basis for participation in ECURIE is the EU Council Decision 87/600/Euratom. ECURIE is operated by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Energy. In the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency, information is shared between countries using the WebECURIE system.
Each Member State has its own … system or network which usually covers its whole territory. … makes radiological monitoring data from most European countries available on a routine daily basis – and in close to real-time in emergencies. To achieve this, EU Member States, and other European countries which are members of …, send their data to … on a daily basis from at least one territorial radiation-monitoring network (some countries have more than one). The … system makes this radiological data available via a web page.
The … and ECURIE systems are complementary to the IAEA’s … notification arrangements for radiological or nuclear emergencies and its … (Unified System of Information Exchange in Incidents and Emergencies) information sharing system.
Each Member State has its own radiation-monitoring system or network which usually covers its whole territory. EURDEP makes radiological monitoring data from most European countries available on a routine daily basis – and in close to real-time in emergencies. To achieve this, EU Member States, and other European countries which are members of EURDEP, send their data to EURDEP on a daily basis from at least one territorial radiation-monitoring network (some countries have more than one). The EURDEP system makes this radiological data available via a web page.
The EURDEP and ECURIE systems are complementary to the IAEA’s EMERCON notification arrangements for radiological or nuclear emergencies and its USIE (Unified System of Information Exchange in Incidents and Emergencies) information sharing system.
As the Chernobyl emergency demonstrated, the release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is a transnational issue. Winds will carry these materials into the atmosphere where they can disperse across borders and continents. The national monitoring systems linked through EURDEP can detect and track the movement of radioactive releases – but national systems differ in the atmospheric dispersion models they employ and the resulting forecasts. The … platform ensures a common coherent strategy across European national emergency management efforts. It makes use of new decision-making procedures and web-based tools for real-time reconciliation and harmonisation of … forecasts from meteorological and emergency centres across Europe during an accident.
As the Chernobyl emergency demonstrated, the release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is a transnational issue. Winds will carry these materials into the atmosphere where they can disperse across borders and continents. The national monitoring systems linked through EURDEP can detect and track the movement of radioactive releases – but national systems differ in the atmospheric dispersion models they employ and the resulting forecasts. The ENSEMBLE platform ensures a common coherent strategy across European national emergency management efforts. It makes use of new decision-making procedures and web-based tools for real-time reconciliation and harmonisation of dispersion forecasts from meteorological and emergency centres across Europe during an accident.
In June 2021, the new European Instrument for International Nuclear Safety Cooperation entered into force with a financial envelope of EUR X million for 2021-2027.
In June 2021, the new European Instrument for International Nuclear Safety Cooperation entered into force with a financial envelope of EUR 300 million for 2021-2027.
The main objectives of … in 1999 were to develop a common approach to nuclear safety and to provide an independent capability to examine nuclear safety in … countries.
The … reports were used for the preparation of the report on nuclear safety in applicant countries issued by the Working Party on Nuclear Safety (WPNS) under the Atomic Questions Group of the …
In 1999 X comprised of the heads of nuclear regulatory bodies from x countries. Today there are 18 Members, 2 Associated Members and 12 Observers represented in X.
The main objectives of WENRA in 1999 were to develop a common approach to nuclear safety and to provide an independent capability to examine nuclear safety in applicant countries.
The WENRA reports were used for the preparation of the report on nuclear safety in applicant countries issued by the Working Party on Nuclear Safety (WPNS) under the Atomic Questions Group of the European Council.
In 1999 WENRA comprised of the heads of nuclear regulatory bodies from 10 countries. Today there are 18 Members, 2 Associated Members and 12 Observers represented in WENRA.
WENRA stands for…
Western European Nuclear Regulators’ Association
- … is an independent, expert body established by the European Commission in 2007, composed of senior officials from the national nuclear safety, radioactive waste safety, or radiation protection regulatory authorities from all EU member states and representatives of the European Commission.
- Its main purpose is to help improve nuclear safety and … management across the EU and provide advice an assistance to the ….
- … is involved in the organization of EU-wide … for nuclear plants and the review of national regulatory frameworks.
- ENSREG is an independent, expert body established by the European Commission in 2007, composed of senior officials from the national nuclear safety, radioactive waste safety, or radiation protection regulatory authorities from all EU member states and representatives of the European Commission.
- Its main purpose is to help improve nuclear safety and radioactive waste management across the EU and provide advice an assistance to the European Commission.
- ENSREG is involved in the organization of EU-wide stress tests for nuclear plants and the review of national regulatory frameworks.
In summary, while both WENRA and ENSREG are related to nuclear safety, … is a network of regulators from countries with nuclear programs, including some non-EU members, and it focuses on harmonization of safety standards. …, on the other hand, is an EU-specific body that includes representatives from all EU member states and has a broader mandate that includes providing input on EU policies, improving safety, and managing radioactive waste.
In summary, while both WENRA and ENSREG are related to nuclear safety, WENRA is a network of regulators from countries with nuclear programs, including some non-EU members, and it focuses on harmonization of safety standards. ENSREG, on the other hand, is an EU-specific body that includes representatives from all EU member states and has a broader mandate that includes providing input on EU policies, improving safety, and managing radioactive waste.
The … was created as an independent agency by Congress in 1974 to ensure the safe use of radioactive materials for beneficial civilian purposes while protecting people and the environment. The … regulates commercial nuclear power plants and other uses of nuclear materials, such as in nuclear medicine, through licensing, inspection and enforcement of its requirements.
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was created as an independent agency by Congress in 1974 to ensure the safe use of radioactive materials for beneficial civilian purposes while protecting people and the environment. The NRC regulates commercial nuclear power plants and other uses of nuclear materials, such as in nuclear medicine, through licensing, inspection and enforcement of its requirements.
The IAEA … is a human network operating at global, regional and national levels, supported by a strong web platform. … is a key support element of the … defined here as “the institutional, legal and technical framework for ensuring the safety of nuclear installations throughout the world. The objective of this [framework] is to lead to a world where all nuclear installations are operating safely” (Strengthening the … Regime, INSAG Series No. 21).
The IAEA Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN) is a human network operating at global, regional and national levels, supported by a strong web platform. GNSSN is a key support element of the Global Nuclear Safety and Security Framework (GNSSF) defined here as “the institutional, legal and technical framework for ensuring the safety of nuclear installations throughout the world. The objective of this [framework] is to lead to a world where all nuclear installations are operating safely” (Strengthening the Global Nuclear Safety Regime, INSAG Series No. 21).
“…” is a publication that provides a common internationally agreed basis on what constitutes an acceptable ageing management programme, as well as a knowledge base on ageing management for the design of new plants and design and safety reviews, and aims to serve as a roadmap to available information on ageing management.
International Generic Ageing Lessons Learned (IGALL) is a publication that provides a common internationally agreed basis on what constitutes an acceptable ageing management programme, as well as a knowledge base on ageing management for the design of new plants and design and safety reviews, and aims to serve as a roadmap to available information on ageing management.
Ageing management was chosen by ENSREG as the topic for the …, given the age profile of nuclearpower and research reactors in Europe, and the implications for safety. The review focused on licensees’ … and, more specifically, on the effects of ageing on specific structures, systems and components (which four topics?).
Ageing management was chosen by ENSREG as the topic for the first TPR, given the age profile of nuclearpower and research reactors in Europe, and the implications for safety. The review focused on licensees’ ageing management programmes and, more specifically, on the effects of ageing on specific structures, systems and components (reactor pressure vessels, electrical cables, concealed pipework and concrete containment structures).
19 countries (16 EU countries, …) participated in the peer review of the first TPR. This review was the most important safety-related exercise after … in Europe. It included nuclear plants and ….
More than n questions were asked by peer reviewers, experts and … when reviewing the reports
19 countries (16 EU countries, Norway, Ukraine, and Switzerland) participated in the peer review of the first TPR. This review was the most important safety-related exercise after the post-Fukushima stress tests in Europe. It included nuclear plants and reasearch reactors.
More than 2300 questions were asked by peer reviewers, experts and civil society when reviewing the reports
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, which occurred in March 2011 following a massive earthquake and tsunami, did not directly cause any immediate deaths from ….
The WHO has estimated that there might be a …. in certain cancers for specific populations in the region. However, there has been … linking radiation exposure from the accident to a measurable increase in cancer rates.
There were fatalities associated with the …, particularly among the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions.
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, which occurred in March 2011 following a massive earthquake and tsunami, did not directly cause any immediate deaths from radiation exposure.
The WHO has estimated that there might be a slight increase in certain cancers for specific populations in the region. However, there has been no direct evidence linking radiation exposure from the accident to a measurable increase in cancer rates.
There were fatalities associated with the stress of the evacuation process, particularly among the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions.
Nuclear safety means ensuring … for nuclear installations, preventing accidents and … if they occur.
Nuclear security relates to protecting against
… involving nuclear material and
other radioactive substances or the facilities
where they are used or stored.
Nuclear safety means ensuring proper
operating conditions for nuclear installations,
preventing accidents and mitigating the
consequences of these if they occur.
Nuclear security relates to protecting against
malicious acts involving nuclear material and
other radioactive substances or the facilities
where they are used or stored.
In response to the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, risk and safety assessments (‘…’) were carried out on all EU nuclear power plants. While the assessments found that the plants’ safety standards were generally high, further improvements were recommended. EU nuclear safety regulators working within the … set up and peer-reviewed … to schedule … of EU reactors. Together with …, the … is overseeing the implementation of these plans.
In response to the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, risk and safety assessments (‘stress tests’) were carried out on all EU nuclear power plants. While the assessments found that the plants’ safety standards were generally high, further improvements were recommended. EU nuclear safety regulators working within the European Nuclear Safety Regulators Group (ENSREG) set up and peer-reviewed national action plans to schedule physical upgrades of EU reactors. Together with ENSREG, the Commission is overseeing the implementation of these plans.
Experts from … also carried out peer reviews of stress tests conducted in several countries outsidethe EU: …, …, …, … and …. Cooperation on nuclear stress tests is ongoing with other countries.
Experts from ENSREG also carried out peer reviews of stress tests conducted in several countries outsidethe EU: Belarus, Switzerland, Ukraine, Armenia and Taiwan. Cooperation on nuclear stress tests is ongoing with other countries.
