Major nuclear accidents Flashcards
Following a major earthquake, a x-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident beginning on …. All x cores largely melted in the first x days.
Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident beginning on 11 March 2011. All three cores largely melted in the first three days.
The Fukushima accident was rated level x on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, due to high … over days 4 to 6, eventually a total of some 940 … (I-131 eq).
The Fukushima accident was rated level 7 on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, due to high radioactive releases over days 4 to 6, eventually a total of some 940 PBq (I-131 eq).
All x Fukushima Daiichi reactors were written off due to damage in the accident – … MWe net.
All four Fukushima Daiichi reactors were written off due to damage in the accident – 2719 MWe net.
After two weeks, the three reactors (units 1-3) were stable with … and by … they were being cooled with recycled water from the new …. Official ‘cold shutdown condition’ was announced in ….
After two weeks, the three reactors (units 1-3) were stable with water addition and by July they were being cooled with recycled water from the new treatment plant. Official ‘cold shutdown condition’ was announced in mid-December.
Apart from cooling, the basic ongoing task was to …, particularly in contaminated water leaked from the three units. This task became newsworthy in August x.
Apart from cooling, the basic ongoing task was to prevent release of radioactive materials, particularly in contaminated water leaked from the three units. This task became newsworthy in August 2013.
There have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident of Fukushima, but over … people were evacuated from their homes as a preventative measure. Government nervousness has delayed the return of many.
There have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident of Fukushima, but over 100,000 people were evacuated from their homes as a preventative measure. Government nervousness has delayed the return of many.
Official figures show that there have been x disaster-related deaths among evacuees from Fukushima prefecture. Disaster-related deaths are in addition to the about 19,500 that were killed by the earthquake or tsunami
Official figures show that there have been 2313 disaster-related deaths among evacuees from Fukushima prefecture. Disaster-related deaths are in addition to the about 19,500 that were killed by the earthquake or tsunami
Lessons from stress tests
Earthquake and flooding risk. Current standards for risk calculation are not applied in ~ reactors (for earthquake risk) and respectively ~ reactors (for flooding risk) out of the x checked. The risk calculation should be based on a x year time frame, instead of the much shorter time periods sometimes used.
Earthquake and flooding risk. Current standards for risk calculation are not applied in 54 reactors (for earthquake risk) and respectively 62 reactors (for flooding risk) out of the 145 checked. The risk calculation should be based on a 10 000 year time frame, instead of the much shorter time periods sometimes used.
Lessons learnt from the stress tests
On-site … instruments to measure and alert of possible … should be available at every nuclear power plant. These instruments should be installed or improved in x reactors.
On-site seismic instruments to measure and alert of possible earthquakes should be available at every nuclear power plant. These instruments should be installed or improved in 121 reactors.
Lessons learnt from the stress tests
Containment … … systems to allow safe depressurizing of the reactor containment in case of an accident, should be in place. x reactors are not yet equipped with these systems.
Containment filtered venting systems to allow safe depressurizing of the reactor containment in case of an accident, should be in place. 32 reactors are not yet equipped with these systems.
Lessons learnt from the stress tests
Equipment to … severe accidents should be stored in places protected even in the event of general … and from where it can be quickly obtained. This is not the case for x reactors in the EU.
Equipment to fight severe accidents should be stored in places protected even in the event of general devastation and from where it can be quickly obtained. This is not the case for 81 reactors in the EU.
Lessons learnt from the stress tests
A backup … should be available in case the … becomes inhabitable in case of an accident. These are not yet available in x reactors.
A backup emergency control room should be available in case the main control room becomes inhabitable in case of an accident. These are not yet available in 24 reactors.
Lessons learnt from the stress tests
National action plans with timetables for implementation will be prepared by national regulators and will be made available by the end of x. The action plans will go through peer reviews in early x, in order to verify that the stress tests recommendations are consistently implemented in a transparent way throughout Europe. The Commission intends to report on the implementation of the stress test recommendations in June x, in full partnership with national regulators.
National action plans with timetables for implementation will be prepared by national regulators and will be made available by the end of 2012. The action plans will go through peer reviews in early 2013, in order to verify that the stress tests recommendations are consistently implemented in a transparent way throughout Europe. The Commission intends to report on the implementation of the stress test recommendations in June 2014, in full partnership with national regulators.
The main aim of the stress tests was to assess the safety and robustness of nuclear power plants in case of extreme natural events. This means especially … and …. Both scenarios were assessed simultaneously. Air plane crashes have been covered to the extent that they have the same effect as … and …, meaning that they shut down ….
The main aim of the stress tests was to assess the safety and robustness of nuclear power plants in case of extreme natural events. This means especially flood and earthquakes. Both scenarios were assessed simultaneously. Air plane crashes have been covered to the extent that they have the same effect as tsunami and earthquakes, meaning that they shut down normal safety and cooling functions.
These stress tests consisted of three phases. In phase one the nuclear power plant operators carried out a …, in phase two national … evaluated these … and prepared …. In phase three, these … were analysed by multinational teams in a peer review process, organised by …. In addition, the peer review teams have visited nuclear power plant sites. .. countries fully participated in the stress tests (all 14 EU countries with operating nuclear power plants, … with a plant under decommissioning, plus … and …).
These stress tests consisted of three phases. In phase one the nuclear power plant operators carried out a self-assessment, in phase two national regulators evaluated these self-assessments and prepared country reports. In phase three, these reports were analysed by multinational teams in a peer review process, organised by ENSREG. In addition, the peer review teams have visited nuclear power plant sites. 17 countries fully participated in the stress tests (all 14 EU countries with operating nuclear power plants, Lithuania with a plant under decommissioning, plus Ukraine and Switzerland).
