Nov. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

brain’s interpretation or perception of the environment

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2
Q

categories of senses

A

special and somatic

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3
Q

Special senses include

A
HE'S TV
hearing
equilibrium
smell
taste
vision
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4
Q

Somatic senses include

A
TPTP
touch
pain
temperature
proprioception
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5
Q

proprioception

A

sensation of one’s own body

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6
Q

physiology of sensation forms the

A

neural basis of sensory signaling processing, transduction and processing

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7
Q

transduction is carried out by

A

sensory organs

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8
Q

processing is carried out by

A

CNS

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9
Q

Role of sensory organs

A

convert some form of energy into electrical signals/ convert physical and chemical attributes of stimulus into electrical signals

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10
Q

example of:

i) specialized sensory organ
ii) simple sensory organ

A

i) retina

ii) sensory nerve terminals for touch

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11
Q

Trace sensory stimulus to sensation

A

SPAC
Sensory stimuli
Potential change of sensory receptor membrane
AP firing by sensory neurons, which project to
CNS for integration/processing

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12
Q

sensory receptors cells can be

A

nerve terminals or specialized cells

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13
Q

General pathway of a sensory system

A
SPeCTaCular 
Sensory receptor
Primary sensory neuron
CNS
Thalamus 
Cortex
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14
Q

types of stimuli

A
TECM
thermal
electromagnetic
chemical
mechanical
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15
Q

photoreceptors may refer to

A

photoreceptor molecules or photoreceptor cells

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16
Q

sensory receptors convert stimuli into

A

receptor potentials

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17
Q

receptor potentials

A

electrical signals in the form of graded potentials which photoreceptors convert from stimuli

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18
Q

do sensory receptor cells fire action potentials?

A

only some, such as taste and olfactory receptor cells.

photoreceptors don’t

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19
Q

olfactory receptor cells are also called

A

olfactory neurons, since they, like some other receptor cells are neuronal in nature

20
Q

taste cells are ________ cells

A

epithelial

21
Q

How do receptors that do not fire AP’s encode messages?

A

amplitude of receptor potential is a form of coding, but is still eventually converted into AP firing before message enters CNS

22
Q

In the visual system, AP firing begins with the

A

third relay station of signal transduction

23
Q

hair cells are used for

A

balance and hearing

24
Q

thermoreceptor function

A

respond to temp change, mediate temp sensation, mediate nociceptive (pain) stimulation

25
chemoreceptor function
nociceptive stimulation, taste, olfaction
26
modality of stimulus
light, chemical, temperature, etc
27
sub-modalities
taste: sweet, bitter, acid, salty, umami vision: color vision
28
four characteristics of sensory stimuli that must be distinguished
1. modality 2. intensity 3. location 4. timing
29
how do sensory receptors and sensory receptor cells encode modality?
depends on: type of receptor activated labeled line coding (which neuronal pathways are stimulated)
30
threshold for photoreceptors
one photon
31
adequate stimulus
the one the receptor is designed for (light for photoreceptors)
32
why does a punch cause one to perceive light
punch probably activates mechanosensitive channels in photoreceptor cells which produces the same membrane potential as the adequate stimulus would (does not activate rhodopsin)
33
why do chillipeppers cause you to feel heat?
capsasin activates both taste receptor cells and nerve endings which produce thermal sensation
34
for sensation, reaching threshold means:
the stimulus must be great enough to activate enough neurons in order for their convergence to be large enough for the brain to detect
35
another example of a tuning curve exemplified by cochlear cells
frequency versus stimulus magnitude: the lower the magnitude needed for a response at a certain frequency, the more sensitive the cell to said frequency
36
tuning curve concept applied to taste cells
taste cell responds best to particular molecule or class of molecules, but is still able to bind some other chemicals with similar structure
37
How is intensity encoded?
1. the more receptors activated, the bigger the receptor potential 2. when receptor potential is transduced into AP, the frequency and number of AP's
38
How is timing encoded?
Different ways: 1. continuously firing APs during stimulus 2. receptor cells can respond only when stimulus is turned on or turned off
39
tonic receptors/receptor cells
fire AP's continuously during stimulus
40
another word for tonic receptors/receptor cells
slowly adapting
41
absolute refractory period in tonic receptor cells might be
less than 1 ms (for cells firing AP's up to 1 kHZ, i.e. 1 AP per ms)
42
phasing receptor cells
only respond transiently to stimulus (when turned on or off)
43
phasing receptor cells are also called
fast adapting receptor cells
44
How is location encoded?
Depends on which receptors are activated | ex. diffnt visual stimuli stimulate diffnt parts of retina
45
location of sound determined by
comparing signal perceived by the two ears