Normal Extremities Flashcards
volar surface
palmar
epiphysis
the end of a long bone
physis
the growth plate
diaphysisq
shaft of a long bone
metaphysis
the portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis
cortex
the outer portion of bone
what are the ABCS to review on an extremity radiograph
- Anatomy/alignment/arthritis/anonmalies
- Boney structures
- calcification
- soft tissue abnormalties
what specifically should be inspected when evaluating boney structures on an extremity radiograph
contour, fractures, dislocations
what are some specific indications of fracture
- disruptions in the cortex
- radiolucent fracture lines
- compression
- bone fragments
- impaction
what are the 7 views used to evaluate the shoulder
- AP
- external rotation
- internal rotation
- grashey
- axillary
- scapular Y view
- outlet view
Besides the ABCS what four signs should be looked for on a shoulder radiograph
- lung lesions
- pneumothorax
- rib fractures
- widening mediastinum
what is external rotation AP used to evauluate
the glenohumoral joint
what is an internal rotation AP used to evaluate
the greater and lesser humoral tuberosities
what is the grashey view used for
to evaulate the glenohumoral joint for replacement by looking through the joint, parallel to the glenoid
what is the scapular Y view used for
to rule out scapula fracture
what is the outlet view of the shoulder?
what is it used for?
a variation of the scapular Y with the beam tilted caudal 5-10 degrees
bone spurs on the acromion, bursitis, rotator cuff issues
why do you need too see both ends of a long bone on an xray
because a long bone fracture could lead to dislocation at the proximal or distal end
what two views are used to evaluate the upper arm
AP and lateral
what two views are used to evaluate the elbow
AP and lateral
when might you order a oblique elbow xray
when you suspect pathology but the AP and lateral are unremarkable
why would a suspected elbow dislocation indicate getting a forearm xray
because elbow dislocations are common in forearm fracture
aside from ABCS what specific signs can indicate pathology on an elbow xray
anterior or posterior fat pad
anterior fat pad sign
a hazy “sail” shape anterior to the elbow that indicates inflammation
posterior fat pad sign
a sail shape that is usually obscured by bone but can be visable if there is fluid in the elbow
T/F posterior fat pad sign is always and indication of trauma
False, it can be related to any fluid in the joint
why are comparison view often helpful
because they let you see what normal anatomy looks like for that person, including growth plates
what two views are used to evaluate the forearm
AP and lateral
why is the an AP view of the hand really a PA view?
because the hand is usually placed palm down on the plate, so the beam goes from dorsal fo volar
why is a scaphoid view important
a scaphoid fracture is hard to see and is often a source of litigation
what should you do if a patient presents with pain in the anatomical snuff box but a normal xray
treat it like a scaphoid fracture
pronator fat pad
a ventral bulging of fat over the pronator quaratus
it is usually indicative of fracture, though it can be seen with soft tissue injury
what is a pronator fat pad indicative of in children
an occult fracture of the growth plate, though absence doesn’t rule out fracture
what views are used to evaluate the hand
AP, lateral, oblique
what are sesamoid bones? why are they relevant
small bones embedded in tendons that slide over a joint
they can be confused for bone fragments or fractures
1st metacarpal
2nd metacarpal
3rd metacarpal
4th metacarpal
5th metacarpal
acromioclavicular joint
acromion
capitate
capitulum
clavicle
coracoid process
coranoid process
distal interphalangeal joints
distal phalanges
epiphyseal plate
glenoid fossa
greater tubercle
hamate
head of the humerus
hook of the hamate
inferior angle of the scapula
lateral border of the scapula
lateral epicondyle
lesser tubercle
lunate
metacarpophalangeal joint
medial border of the scapula
medial epicondyle
middle phalanges
olecranon fossa
olecranon
olecranon
proximal interphalangeal joint of the thumb
proximal interphalangeal joints
pisiform
proximal phlanges
radial head
radial neck
radial tuberosity
radius
scaphoid
surgical neck of the humerus
trapezium
trapezoid
triquetrum
trochlea
trochlear notch
ulna
