Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiology > Cardiac and Pneumonia > Flashcards

Cardiac and Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal cardiothoracic ratio of an adult

A

<50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cardiothoracic ratio

A

the size of the heart compared to the size of the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

extracardiac causes of cardiac enlargement

A
  1. AP radiograph
  2. inadequate inspiration
  3. chest wall deformities
  4. rotation
  5. pericardial effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

three causes of inadequate inspiration on CXR

A

obesity

pregnancy

ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

two chest wall deformities that might cause cardiac enlargement on CXR

A

straight back syndrome

pectus excavatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why will an AP radiograph make the heart appear enlarged

A

a combination of magnification, rotation, and poor inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

three indicators of cardiomegaly on AP radiograph

A

left heart border touching or almost touch left lateral chest wall = heart enlarged

heart appears significantly enlarged = heart probably enlarged

heart appears borderline enlarged = probably normal size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how would cardiomegaly be identified on a lateral CXR

A

note the space posterior to the heart and anterior to the spine at the level of the diaphragm

if the cardiac silhouette extends posteriorly over the spine = cardiomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why would the heart look larger on expiration than inspiration

A

the diaphragm moves up and compresses the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does normal cardiothoracic ratio differe between adults and children

A

a normal pediatric cardiothoracic ratio can be up to 65%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are two considerations when examining cardiothoracic ratio in pediatrics

A

infants dont take deep inspiration

lobulated thymus can overlap portions of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to the heart during congestive heart failure/pulmonary edema

A

heart enlarges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what sign will be visable on CXR during left ventricular failure

A

interstitium widening followed by alveolar and pleural filling

fluid will back up into the pulmonary veins and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the radiological signs of heart failure

A

fluid in lung fissures

kerley B lines

prominent upper lobe pulmonary arteries

fluild in the lung interstitium

large heart

pleural effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

signs of heart failure in chronological order

A

heart enlargement

kerly B line

Kerly A line

fluid in lung fissures

fluid in the interstitium (batwing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

four signs of pulmonary interstitial edema

A

thickening of the interlobular septa

peribronchial cuffing

fluid in lung fissures

pleural effusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Kerly B lines

A

short (1-2) cm long very thin and horizontal lines four at or near the costophrenic angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

kerly A lines

A

extend from the hila for up to 6cm and dont reach to lung periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pattern of pulmonary interstitial edema

A

thickening of the interlobular septa (kerly A and B)

peribronchial cuffing

fluid in fissures

pleural effusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pulmonary alveolar edema

how will this look on CXR

A

elevated venous pressure pushes fluid from the interstitium into the alveoli

fluffy indistinct patchy “batwing” airspace densities that are usually centrally located, more likely in the lower than upper lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the main way to determine if pulmonary edema is cardiogenic in nature

A

enlarged heart

kerly B lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pneumonia

A

consolidation of lung produced by inflammatory exudate, commonly caused by infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

is pneumonia airspace, interstitial, or both?

which is most likely

A

it can be either one, or both

airspace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does pneumonia look in CXR

A

denser than normal lung

may see air bronchogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how will interstitial look different than airspace pneumonia

A

interstitial pneumonia are have more interstitial markings, spread to adjacent airways

airspace wil appear fluffly, homogenous, and indistinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

lobar pneumonia

cause

four indicators on CXR

A

pneumococcal pneumonia (s pneumoniae)

  1. classically fills most or all of a lobe or lung
  2. may have a sharp border
  3. almost always produce a silhoutte sign with heart, aorta, diaphragm
  4. almost always have air bronchogram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

segmental pneumonia (bronchopneumonia)

cause

5 indicators on CXR

A

staph aureus or pseudomonas aeruginosa

  1. involved several segments
  2. margins tend to be fluffy or indistinct
  3. produce exudate the fill bronchi
  4. NO AIR BRONCHOGRAM
  5. may see atelectasis
28
Q

interstitial pneumonia

causes

two indicators on CXR

A

viral pneumonia, mycoplasm pneumoniae, pneumocystis

  1. involve airway walls and alveolar septa
  2. fine, reticular pattern in the lungs spreading to alveoli (patchy confluent airspace disease)
29
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

A

perihilar, reticular, institial pneumonia or airspace disease

may mimic pulmonary edema

no hilar adenopathy or pleural effusion

found in AIDS patients

30
Q

round pneumonia

causes

two identifiers on CXR

A

haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus, pneumococcus

mostly in kids

usually the posterior, lower lobes

31
Q

four causes of cavitary pneumonia

A

straph, strep, klebsiella, coccidomycosis, tuberculosis

32
Q

four indicators of cavitary pneumonia from primary TB

A

cavitation is rare

upper more likely than lower lobes

hilar adenopathy

large, often unilateral pleural effusions

33
Q

three indicators of cavitary pneumonia from post primary TB

A

cavitation is common (thin walls with smooth margins)

no air fluid level

apical or posterior segments of the upper lobes that may be bilateral

34
Q

two indicators of miliary tuberculosis

A

small nodules 1mm in size that can grow to 2-3mm

clear rapidly once treated

35
Q

three indicators of aspiration pneumonia

A

almonst alwats occurs in the dependent portions of the lung

right side more likely that left

acute looks like airspace disease

36
Q

what will aspiration pneumonia caused by anaerobic organisms

A

lower lobe airspace disease the cavitates

37
Q
A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. right atria
  3. inferior vena cava
  4. aortic arch
  5. left pulmonary trunk
  6. left pulmonary artery
  7. left atrium
  8. left ventricle
  9. cardiophrenic angle
38
Q
A

cardiomegaly

39
Q
A

kerly B

40
Q
A

kerly b an kerly a

41
Q
A

pulmonary interstitial edema

42
Q
A

pulmonary alveolar edema

43
Q

T/F air bronchogram is specific to pneumonai

A

false

44
Q
A
45
Q
A

lobar pneumonia

46
Q
A

right middle lobar pneumonia

47
Q
A

right middle lobar pneumonia

48
Q
A

right middle lober pneumonia

49
Q
A
50
Q
A

segmental pneumonia

51
Q
A

segmental pneumonia

52
Q
A
53
Q
A

interstitial pneumonia

54
Q
A

interstitial pneumonia

55
Q
A

interstitial pneumonia

56
Q
A

pneumocystic pneumonia

57
Q
A
58
Q
A

round pneumonia

59
Q
A

round pneumonia

60
Q
A

round pneumonia

61
Q
A

round pneumonia

62
Q
A

round pneumonia

63
Q
A

round pneumonia

64
Q
A
65
Q
A

cavitary TB

66
Q
A

miliary TB

67
Q
A

aspiration pneumonia

Radiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions